Associations of socioeconomic status and nurturing environment with developmental outcomes in very preterm children without sensorimotor impairment: a secondary analysis of the INTACT study
摘要
The objective of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the associations between socioeconomic status (SES), including nurturing environment, and developmental quotients (DQ) at age 3 in children born very preterm with birth weight ≤ 1500 g. This secondary analysis used follow-up data from the Improvement of NICU Practices and Team Approach Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Participants born < 32 weeks’ gestation without major sensorimotor impairments were stratified into three groups: 22–24, 25–27, and 28–31 weeks. Multiple linear regression evaluated the associations between prenatal SES and DQ scores of the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development (KSPD), adjusted for sex, parity, gestational age, small for gestational age, multiple births, and facilities. Post-discharge SES variables were subsequently added to assess associations with nurturing environment. Of 2148 eligible survivors, 1978 underwent KSPD testing and 1846 caregivers completed SES questionnaires. Higher parental education was positively associated with total DQ across all groups: 22–24 weeks (β = 2.246, 95% CI 0.015–4.477), 25–27 weeks (β = 1.589, 95% CI 0.408–2.770), and 28–31 weeks (β = 1.299, 95% CI 0.315–2.282). Group childcare utilization was associated with higher total DQ: 22–24 weeks (β = 3.397, 95% CI 0.893–5.901), 25–27 weeks (β = 1.851, 95% CI 0.591–3.111), and 28–31 weeks (β = 2.617, 95% CI 1.613–3.620). These associations remained after adjustments for postnatal morbidities. Conclusion: Among children born very preterm without major sensorimotor impairments, parental education and group childcare utilization were independently associated with more favorable cognitive outcomes at age 3. These results suggest the importance of socioeconomic and environmental support in optimizing developmental outcomes for this vulnerable population.