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Introduction <p>Sex-related differences in microvascular reactivity may be influenced by the magnitude of muscle desaturation (ischemic stimulus) during the blood flow occlusion period. Thus, this study used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to assess skeletal muscle microvascular reactivity in three distinct metabolic and mechanical conditions.</p> Methods <p>Nineteen participants (10 males, 9 females) completed a randomized parallel design including a vascular occlusion test (VOT), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and a dynamic fatigue exercise protocol (FEx) to elicit ischemic, mechanic and metabolic insults, respectively. Morphological muscle quality was also assessed using ultrasonography. NIRS-derived indices of tissue oxygenation and blood volume were continuously monitored.</p> Results <p>Males exhibited a greater post-exercise total hemoglobin reperfusion slope ([tHb] slope) across protocols compared with females (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). In males, higher morphological muscle quality was associated with a steeper reperfusion slope (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), whereas no such relationships were observed in females.</p> Conclusion <p>Sex differences in microvascular reactivity were evident across ischemic, isometric, and dynamic exercise conditions, with oxygen extraction only partially accounting for sex differences in microvascular reactivity in highly metabolic demand condition such as FEx. Our findings also suggest that the greater microvascular reactivity in males may be linked to better morphological muscle quality compared to females, thus providing novel insights into the mechanisms driving the accelerated reperfusion rates observed in males compared to females.</p>

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Sex differences in NIRS-derived reactive hyperemia across protocols and their association with muscle quality

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Olavo João Frederico Ramos Jr.,
  • Natália Soares Veiga,
  • Paola Quevedo da Costa,
  • Maria Clara Ramos Souza Rodrigues,
  • Paulo Cavalheiro Schenkel,
  • Rogerio Nogueira Soares,
  • Thiago Silveira Alvares

摘要

Introduction

Sex-related differences in microvascular reactivity may be influenced by the magnitude of muscle desaturation (ischemic stimulus) during the blood flow occlusion period. Thus, this study used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to assess skeletal muscle microvascular reactivity in three distinct metabolic and mechanical conditions.

Methods

Nineteen participants (10 males, 9 females) completed a randomized parallel design including a vascular occlusion test (VOT), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and a dynamic fatigue exercise protocol (FEx) to elicit ischemic, mechanic and metabolic insults, respectively. Morphological muscle quality was also assessed using ultrasonography. NIRS-derived indices of tissue oxygenation and blood volume were continuously monitored.

Results

Males exhibited a greater post-exercise total hemoglobin reperfusion slope ([tHb] slope) across protocols compared with females (p < 0.05). In males, higher morphological muscle quality was associated with a steeper reperfusion slope (p < 0.05), whereas no such relationships were observed in females.

Conclusion

Sex differences in microvascular reactivity were evident across ischemic, isometric, and dynamic exercise conditions, with oxygen extraction only partially accounting for sex differences in microvascular reactivity in highly metabolic demand condition such as FEx. Our findings also suggest that the greater microvascular reactivity in males may be linked to better morphological muscle quality compared to females, thus providing novel insights into the mechanisms driving the accelerated reperfusion rates observed in males compared to females.