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Introduction <p>Continuous wave (CW) near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is widely used in skeletal muscle tissue hemodynamic and respiratory research utilizing fixed light scattering assumptions.</p> Purpose <p>Compare reproducibility and technical characteristics of CW-NIRS against frequency-domain (FD)-NIRS, which allows for intra-individual scattering correction.</p> Methods <p>Muscle blood flow (mBF) and oxygen uptake (<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\text{m}\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) (using rapid-occlusions), and perfusion were assessed with NIRS in 10 healthy (ND) and 10 type-2 diabetic (T2D) men at rest and during knee extensions at 5% and 15% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) on three occasions within 10&#xa0;days.</p> Results <p>In both groups, exercise responses for mBF and <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\text{m}\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> were not substantially different between technology with moderate-high between-day reproducibility (ICC range 0.72–0.98). However, compared to FD-NIRS, CW-NIRS perfusion substantially higher at rest (21 uM; 90%CI 29–13), 5%MVC (18 uM; 27–9) and 15%MVC (17 uM; 26–8) in T2D, but not ND. Standardized typical errors during exercise were small-moderate: e.g., 15%MVC mBF, CW-NIRS (ND 0.45; T2D 0.49), FD-NIRS (0.35; 0.49); mV̇O<sub>2</sub>, CW-NIRS (0.24; 0.26), FD-NIRS (0.45; 0.32); perfusion CW-NIRS (0.25; 0.25) and FD-NIRS (0.25; 0.23); and, not different between groups and technology.</p> Conclusion <p>Both NIRS technologies are reproducible. CW-NIRS assumptions work for muscle blood flow and oxygen use at rest and during exercise. FD-NIRS might be better at detecting changes in perfusion during exercise, especially in older or clinical groups. However, FD-NIRS is more expensive and complex, making it less practical.</p>

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Skeletal muscle microvascular and respiratory responses to exercise in healthy and T2D adults: agreement and reproducibility study of NIRS technologies

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月29日

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  • Adam A. Luco,
  • Martin Gram,
  • Inge Ramakers,
  • Terence Ryan,
  • Osvaldo Enriquez,
  • James Faulkner,
  • Lee Stoner,
  • David S. Rowlands

摘要

Introduction

Continuous wave (CW) near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is widely used in skeletal muscle tissue hemodynamic and respiratory research utilizing fixed light scattering assumptions.

Purpose

Compare reproducibility and technical characteristics of CW-NIRS against frequency-domain (FD)-NIRS, which allows for intra-individual scattering correction.

Methods

Muscle blood flow (mBF) and oxygen uptake ( \({\text{m}\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2}\) ) (using rapid-occlusions), and perfusion were assessed with NIRS in 10 healthy (ND) and 10 type-2 diabetic (T2D) men at rest and during knee extensions at 5% and 15% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) on three occasions within 10 days.

Results

In both groups, exercise responses for mBF and \({\text{m}\dot{\text{V}}\text{O}}_{2}\) were not substantially different between technology with moderate-high between-day reproducibility (ICC range 0.72–0.98). However, compared to FD-NIRS, CW-NIRS perfusion substantially higher at rest (21 uM; 90%CI 29–13), 5%MVC (18 uM; 27–9) and 15%MVC (17 uM; 26–8) in T2D, but not ND. Standardized typical errors during exercise were small-moderate: e.g., 15%MVC mBF, CW-NIRS (ND 0.45; T2D 0.49), FD-NIRS (0.35; 0.49); mV̇O2, CW-NIRS (0.24; 0.26), FD-NIRS (0.45; 0.32); perfusion CW-NIRS (0.25; 0.25) and FD-NIRS (0.25; 0.23); and, not different between groups and technology.

Conclusion

Both NIRS technologies are reproducible. CW-NIRS assumptions work for muscle blood flow and oxygen use at rest and during exercise. FD-NIRS might be better at detecting changes in perfusion during exercise, especially in older or clinical groups. However, FD-NIRS is more expensive and complex, making it less practical.