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Background <p>This study aims to elucidate the multifaceted effects of scuba diving, particularly focusing on the physiological adaptive mechanisms and metabolic aspects involved in confined-water scuba diving.</p> Methods <p>Selected 10 healthy male college students in their 20&#xa0;s and conducted confined-water scuba diving sessions once a day, five times a week, for 80&#xa0;min each session over a period of 8&#xa0;weeks. Measurements were taken on changes in body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and hormonal levels. Additionally, alterations in metabolites of urine samples were observed using <sup>1</sup>H-NMR.</p> Results <p>Body fat percentage showed a statistically significant decrease at 4&#xa0;weeks (4 w) and 8&#xa0;weeks (8 w) (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) compared to the level before confined-water scuba diving. Air consumption decreased significantly at 4 and 8&#xa0;weeks (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), while forced vital capacity increased at 4 w (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) and 8 w (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). The physical fitness index also showed significant improvements at 4 w (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) and 8 w (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Dopamine levels increased progressively at IA (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), 4 w (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), and 8 w (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Norepinephrine also showed a marked elevation at 4 and 8 w (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and epinephrine did not exhibit significant changes. Cortisol decreased immediately after diving and at 4 w (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) but showed a significant rebound at 8 w (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Regarding endogenous metabolites, a total of 89 metabolites were identified in the confined-water scuba diving urine sample, of which 9 (urea, ethanol, hippurate, 2-octenoate, creatine phosphate, taurine, glucose, serine, and threonine) showed significant differences compared to before confined-water scuba diving.</p> Conclusion <p>Based on the metabolic findings regarding the adaptive mechanisms of confined-water scuba diving, these identified metabolites could serve as key factors and significant biomarkers for understanding the adaptation mechanisms of confined-water scuba diving.</p>

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Metabolomics approach to physiological adaptive mechanisms in repetitive confined-water scuba diving under mild hyperoxia using 1H-NMR

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月6日

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  • Jung Dae Lee,
  • Hyang Yeon Kim,
  • Suhkmann Kim,
  • Gi-Wook Hwang,
  • Ho-Seong Lee,
  • Kyu-Bong Kim

摘要

Background

This study aims to elucidate the multifaceted effects of scuba diving, particularly focusing on the physiological adaptive mechanisms and metabolic aspects involved in confined-water scuba diving.

Methods

Selected 10 healthy male college students in their 20 s and conducted confined-water scuba diving sessions once a day, five times a week, for 80 min each session over a period of 8 weeks. Measurements were taken on changes in body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and hormonal levels. Additionally, alterations in metabolites of urine samples were observed using 1H-NMR.

Results

Body fat percentage showed a statistically significant decrease at 4 weeks (4 w) and 8 weeks (8 w) (p < 0.05) compared to the level before confined-water scuba diving. Air consumption decreased significantly at 4 and 8 weeks (p < 0.001), while forced vital capacity increased at 4 w (p < 0.05) and 8 w (p < 0.01). The physical fitness index also showed significant improvements at 4 w (p < 0.01) and 8 w (p < 0.001). Dopamine levels increased progressively at IA (p < 0.05), 4 w (p < 0.01), and 8 w (p < 0.001). Norepinephrine also showed a marked elevation at 4 and 8 w (p < 0.001). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and epinephrine did not exhibit significant changes. Cortisol decreased immediately after diving and at 4 w (p < 0.001) but showed a significant rebound at 8 w (p < 0.01). Regarding endogenous metabolites, a total of 89 metabolites were identified in the confined-water scuba diving urine sample, of which 9 (urea, ethanol, hippurate, 2-octenoate, creatine phosphate, taurine, glucose, serine, and threonine) showed significant differences compared to before confined-water scuba diving.

Conclusion

Based on the metabolic findings regarding the adaptive mechanisms of confined-water scuba diving, these identified metabolites could serve as key factors and significant biomarkers for understanding the adaptation mechanisms of confined-water scuba diving.