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Purpose <p>The study investigated the changes in cardiovascular and cerebral hemodynamics elicited by the diving response during static (S<sub>BH</sub>) and dynamic (DYN<sub>BH</sub>) breath-holding (BH) in moderately trained recreational breath-hold divers (BHDs).</p> Methods <p>Nineteen BHDs (42.9 ± 7.8&#xa0;years, 5.7 ± 2.5&#xa0;years of breath-hold practice) participated in the study. Cardiovascular and cerebral hemodynamics, along with muscle and pre-frontal cortex oxygenation, were continuously tracked throughout a single S<sub>BH</sub> and DYN<sub>BH</sub> by means of arterial volume clamp, transcranial Doppler ultrasound, and near-infrared spectroscopy. In addition, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was measured pre- and post-BH to evaluate potential neuronal stress.</p> Results <p>At the end of BH, the manifestations of the diving response were similar in both conditions, characterized by a bradycardic response (S<sub>BH</sub>: −&#xa0;14 ± 6%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05; DYN<sub>BH</sub>: −&#xa0;13 ± 18%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) and an increase in total peripheral resistance (S<sub>BH</sub>: + 127 ± 46%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05; DYN<sub>BH</sub>: + 116 ± 110%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Mean middle cerebral artery blood velocity increased significantly more during S<sub>BH</sub> (+ 139 ± 17%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) than DYN<sub>BH</sub> (+ 109 ± 23%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Relative changes in pre-frontal cortex deoxygenated hemoglobin were higher during DYN<sub>BH</sub> compared to S<sub>BH</sub> (+ 350 ± 106% vs. + 128 ± 27%, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). NSE levels did not change pre- and post- S<sub>BH</sub> and DYN<sub>BH</sub>.</p> Conclusion <p>Due to relatively attenuated increase in cerebral blood velocity, DYN<sub>BH</sub> resulted in a greater imbalance between oxygen supply and pre-frontal oxygen consumption than S<sub>BH</sub>. However, NSE levels remained unchanged from baseline values, suggesting that no acute neuronal damage occurred in either condition.</p>

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Cardiovascular and cerebral hemodynamics during static and dynamic breath-holding

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月12日

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  • Jérémie Allinger,
  • Guillaume Costalat,
  • Catherine Chiron,
  • Marion Nouhliane,
  • Gaelle Mediouni,
  • Emilie Carré,
  • Frédéric Lemaître

摘要

Purpose

The study investigated the changes in cardiovascular and cerebral hemodynamics elicited by the diving response during static (SBH) and dynamic (DYNBH) breath-holding (BH) in moderately trained recreational breath-hold divers (BHDs).

Methods

Nineteen BHDs (42.9 ± 7.8 years, 5.7 ± 2.5 years of breath-hold practice) participated in the study. Cardiovascular and cerebral hemodynamics, along with muscle and pre-frontal cortex oxygenation, were continuously tracked throughout a single SBH and DYNBH by means of arterial volume clamp, transcranial Doppler ultrasound, and near-infrared spectroscopy. In addition, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was measured pre- and post-BH to evaluate potential neuronal stress.

Results

At the end of BH, the manifestations of the diving response were similar in both conditions, characterized by a bradycardic response (SBH: − 14 ± 6%, p < 0.05; DYNBH: − 13 ± 18%, p < 0.05) and an increase in total peripheral resistance (SBH: + 127 ± 46%, p < 0.05; DYNBH: + 116 ± 110%, p < 0.05). Mean middle cerebral artery blood velocity increased significantly more during SBH (+ 139 ± 17%, p < 0.05) than DYNBH (+ 109 ± 23%, p < 0.05). Relative changes in pre-frontal cortex deoxygenated hemoglobin were higher during DYNBH compared to SBH (+ 350 ± 106% vs. + 128 ± 27%, p < 0.05). NSE levels did not change pre- and post- SBH and DYNBH.

Conclusion

Due to relatively attenuated increase in cerebral blood velocity, DYNBH resulted in a greater imbalance between oxygen supply and pre-frontal oxygen consumption than SBH. However, NSE levels remained unchanged from baseline values, suggesting that no acute neuronal damage occurred in either condition.