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Objectives <p>This study aimed to investigate the associations between urinary metabolites of Volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) and serum Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in a representative sample of the U.S. adults.</p> Methods <p>We analyzed data from 4907 participants in NHANES 2011–2018. Seventeen urinary mVOCs were measured, and serum LDH was used as the outcome. Generalized linear models (GLM), restricted cubic splines (RCS), and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were used to assess linear, nonlinear, and mixture effects. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using urinary creatinine-corrected mVOC concentrations, and quantile g-computation (qgcomp) was applied as an alternative mixture modeling approach to validate the robustness of our findings. Furthermore, false discovery rate (FDR) correction was applied to account for multiple comparisons.</p> Results <p>Several mVOCs were significantly associated with serum LDH. Notably, 2MHA, 34MHA, ATCA, and CYMA showed robust inverse associations, while PHEM was positively associated with LDH. RCS models revealed non-linear exposure–response relationships for multiple mVOCs. WQS regression indicated that both positively and negatively weighted mVOCs contributed to LDH levels, with DHBMA as a major positive contributor and 34MHA as a negative contributor. Most associations remained stable after sensitivity analyses.</p> Conclusions <p>This study demonstrates that urinary mVOCs are associated with serum LDH levels, suggesting potential subclinical toxic effects of VOC exposure. These findings underscore the need for environmental risk management and further investigation into the biological pathways linking VOCs to systemic health outcomes.</p>

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Association of volatile organic compounds with serum lactate dehydrogenase levels in the general adults

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月15日

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  • Ruitong Liao,
  • Xiaoping Huang,
  • Yue Xu,
  • Qingya Zhao,
  • Xiaogang Lv,
  • Qi Liu,
  • Qianqian Ji,
  • Liuqing Li,
  • Minghe Xu,
  • Weiqing Chen,
  • Yunzhang Wang,
  • Shan Xu,
  • Yiqiang Zhan

摘要

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the associations between urinary metabolites of Volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) and serum Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in a representative sample of the U.S. adults.

Methods

We analyzed data from 4907 participants in NHANES 2011–2018. Seventeen urinary mVOCs were measured, and serum LDH was used as the outcome. Generalized linear models (GLM), restricted cubic splines (RCS), and weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression were used to assess linear, nonlinear, and mixture effects. Sensitivity analyses were conducted using urinary creatinine-corrected mVOC concentrations, and quantile g-computation (qgcomp) was applied as an alternative mixture modeling approach to validate the robustness of our findings. Furthermore, false discovery rate (FDR) correction was applied to account for multiple comparisons.

Results

Several mVOCs were significantly associated with serum LDH. Notably, 2MHA, 34MHA, ATCA, and CYMA showed robust inverse associations, while PHEM was positively associated with LDH. RCS models revealed non-linear exposure–response relationships for multiple mVOCs. WQS regression indicated that both positively and negatively weighted mVOCs contributed to LDH levels, with DHBMA as a major positive contributor and 34MHA as a negative contributor. Most associations remained stable after sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that urinary mVOCs are associated with serum LDH levels, suggesting potential subclinical toxic effects of VOC exposure. These findings underscore the need for environmental risk management and further investigation into the biological pathways linking VOCs to systemic health outcomes.