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<p>During hydraulic fracturing of layered reservoirs, the interaction among interlayer in situ stress differences, interfacial cohesion, and frictional properties governs whether hydraulic fractures penetrate the interface or induce interfacial slippage. However, traditional cohesive zone models struggle to accurately represent the dynamic coupling mechanism between interfacial friction and cohesion. To address this, a friction-cohesion element coupled with pore pressure was developed based on the finite element method and was then applied to three-dimensional fluid–solid coupled numerical simulations. A systematic study was conducted on the effects of in situ stress differences and interfacial mechanical parameters on the interaction between hydraulic fractures and interfaces, as well as on fracture propagation behavior. Additionally, the regulatory effects of fracturing parameters on the vertical propagation of fractures were further analyzed. The results indicate that the mechanical response of the interface is complex and diverse: the fracture initiation stage is dominated by shear failure, while the propagation stage exhibits two modes—a shear fracture mode and a mixed shear-tensile fracture mode. Under the combined influence of in situ stress differences and variations in interface friction and cohesion strength, five typical fracture patterns are formed. Among these, the “<InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="MediaObjects/419_2026_3080_Figa_HTML.gif" Format="GIF" Height="10" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="120" Type="LinedrawHalftone" Width="13" /> </InlineMediaObject>”-shaped fracture and penetrating fracture both significantly enhance the fracturing effectiveness of layered reservoirs. Further analysis reveals that increasing the viscosity and pumping rate of fracturing fluid facilitates the extension of hydraulic fractures along interfaces and promotes the development of complex fracture networks. However, increasing the pumping rate enhances cross-layer fracture propagation only under specific stress conditions. Furthermore, rapidly increasing the fluid pumping rate during the pad fluid stage also contributes to improved cross-layer fracture extension. In summary, this study provides theoretical and technical support for optimizing hydraulic fracturing in multi-interface layered reservoirs.</p>

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Numerical investigation of hydraulic fracture–interface interaction and propagation using friction–cohesion coupled element

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月2日

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  • Binwei Xia,
  • Xinqin Xu,
  • Yongkun Zhang,
  • Heng Wang

摘要

During hydraulic fracturing of layered reservoirs, the interaction among interlayer in situ stress differences, interfacial cohesion, and frictional properties governs whether hydraulic fractures penetrate the interface or induce interfacial slippage. However, traditional cohesive zone models struggle to accurately represent the dynamic coupling mechanism between interfacial friction and cohesion. To address this, a friction-cohesion element coupled with pore pressure was developed based on the finite element method and was then applied to three-dimensional fluid–solid coupled numerical simulations. A systematic study was conducted on the effects of in situ stress differences and interfacial mechanical parameters on the interaction between hydraulic fractures and interfaces, as well as on fracture propagation behavior. Additionally, the regulatory effects of fracturing parameters on the vertical propagation of fractures were further analyzed. The results indicate that the mechanical response of the interface is complex and diverse: the fracture initiation stage is dominated by shear failure, while the propagation stage exhibits two modes—a shear fracture mode and a mixed shear-tensile fracture mode. Under the combined influence of in situ stress differences and variations in interface friction and cohesion strength, five typical fracture patterns are formed. Among these, the “ ”-shaped fracture and penetrating fracture both significantly enhance the fracturing effectiveness of layered reservoirs. Further analysis reveals that increasing the viscosity and pumping rate of fracturing fluid facilitates the extension of hydraulic fractures along interfaces and promotes the development of complex fracture networks. However, increasing the pumping rate enhances cross-layer fracture propagation only under specific stress conditions. Furthermore, rapidly increasing the fluid pumping rate during the pad fluid stage also contributes to improved cross-layer fracture extension. In summary, this study provides theoretical and technical support for optimizing hydraulic fracturing in multi-interface layered reservoirs.