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Background <p>Amblyopia and strabismus are associated with a reduced health-related quality of life in children. This study aimed to investigate whether there is a relationship between amblyopia or strabismus and mental distress (depression, anxiety disorder), as well as differences in psychosocial characteristics.</p> Methods <p>The Gutenberg Health Study is a population-based cohort study in Mainz, Germany, with 15,010 participants aged 35–74. The prevalence of depression and anxiety, and the presence of psychosocial characteristics were examined in individuals with and without strabismus or amblyopia. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to calculate associations.</p> Results <p>14,431 individuals were included in the analysis for strabismus, of which 355 had a squint. The socioeconomic status was lower in individuals with strabismus (12.0 vs. 13.0, <i>p</i> = 0.01), and a higher percentage had a secondary school diploma (43.1% vs. 38.7%) rather than a high school diploma (30.7% vs. 37.5%; <i>p</i> = 0.04). There was no association between strabismus and depression (OR = 1.06; <i>p</i> = 0.77), nor with anxiety (OR = 0.92; <i>p</i>=0.71).</p> Conclusions <p>Amblyopic or strabismic individuals have a lower socioeconomic status and lower educational attainment. There was no association found with depression or anxiety disorder.</p>

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Amblyopia and strabismus: Psychosocial characteristics – results from the Gutenberg Health Study (GHS)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月25日

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  • Felicitas T. Holley,
  • Alexander K. Schuster,
  • Anna M. Welzel,
  • Philipp S. Wild,
  • Karl Lackner,
  • Philipp Lurz,
  • Manfred E. Beutel,
  • Irene Schmidtmann,
  • Stavros Konstantinides,
  • Oliver Tüscher,
  • Julia Weinmann-Menke,
  • Norbert Pfeiffer,
  • Matthias Michal,
  • Heike M. Elflein

摘要

Background

Amblyopia and strabismus are associated with a reduced health-related quality of life in children. This study aimed to investigate whether there is a relationship between amblyopia or strabismus and mental distress (depression, anxiety disorder), as well as differences in psychosocial characteristics.

Methods

The Gutenberg Health Study is a population-based cohort study in Mainz, Germany, with 15,010 participants aged 35–74. The prevalence of depression and anxiety, and the presence of psychosocial characteristics were examined in individuals with and without strabismus or amblyopia. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to calculate associations.

Results

14,431 individuals were included in the analysis for strabismus, of which 355 had a squint. The socioeconomic status was lower in individuals with strabismus (12.0 vs. 13.0, p = 0.01), and a higher percentage had a secondary school diploma (43.1% vs. 38.7%) rather than a high school diploma (30.7% vs. 37.5%; p = 0.04). There was no association between strabismus and depression (OR = 1.06; p = 0.77), nor with anxiety (OR = 0.92; p=0.71).

Conclusions

Amblyopic or strabismic individuals have a lower socioeconomic status and lower educational attainment. There was no association found with depression or anxiety disorder.