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<p>Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly evolved from a technological innovation to a key instrument in forensic decision-making. Within forensic odontology, AI offers an unprecedented capacity to analyse dental radiographs objectively, reproducibly, and at scale. This opinion paper discusses the integration of AI in forensic dental age assessment, examining its ethical, scientific, and legal implications. Building on established standards—Schmeling’s 2008 recommendations, IOFOS and ABFO guidelines, and EASO protocols for age assessment in asylum procedures—this work explores how AI systems can operate as decision-support tools rather than substitutes for expert judgment. It further outlines how compliance with ISO/TC 106/WG 13 and the forthcoming ISO 18374:2025 standard, together with adherence to the EU Artificial Intelligence Act, enables the development of trustworthy, auditable, and low-risk AI models. Drawing on evidence from oral-health AI research from Schwendicke et al., 2025 and the author’s own forensic studies conducted in Portugal (2015–2025), the paper argues that AI can enhance the credibility and legal admissibility of dental age assessment when implemented within robust ethical and regulatory frameworks.</p>

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AI decision support in forensic dental age assessment: proposed criteria for living individuals

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月30日

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  • Cristiana Palmela Pereira

摘要

Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly evolved from a technological innovation to a key instrument in forensic decision-making. Within forensic odontology, AI offers an unprecedented capacity to analyse dental radiographs objectively, reproducibly, and at scale. This opinion paper discusses the integration of AI in forensic dental age assessment, examining its ethical, scientific, and legal implications. Building on established standards—Schmeling’s 2008 recommendations, IOFOS and ABFO guidelines, and EASO protocols for age assessment in asylum procedures—this work explores how AI systems can operate as decision-support tools rather than substitutes for expert judgment. It further outlines how compliance with ISO/TC 106/WG 13 and the forthcoming ISO 18374:2025 standard, together with adherence to the EU Artificial Intelligence Act, enables the development of trustworthy, auditable, and low-risk AI models. Drawing on evidence from oral-health AI research from Schwendicke et al., 2025 and the author’s own forensic studies conducted in Portugal (2015–2025), the paper argues that AI can enhance the credibility and legal admissibility of dental age assessment when implemented within robust ethical and regulatory frameworks.