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Background <p>Childhood symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often persist in adulthood and overlap considerably with mood disorder presentations. This study examines how specific childhood ADHD traits relate to distinct clinical characteristics in adults with mood disorders.</p> Methods <p>We analyzed data from 755 adults diagnosed with major depressive disorder (<i>n</i> = 287) or bipolar disorder (<i>n</i> = 468). Participants retrospectively reported childhood ADHD traits using the 25-item Wender Utah Rating Scale. We mapped associations between childhood ADHD total score and three childhood ADHD traits (Impulsivity/Behavioral Problems, Inattentiveness/School Problems, Self-esteem/Negative Mood) and a comprehensive set of clinical variables, including depression, anxiety, affective temperament, emotional instability, adult ADHD symptoms, emotion regulation skills, childhood trauma, interpersonal sensitivity, resilience, problematic alcohol use. Partial correlations were used to identify initial links, followed by the path analysis to further explore these associations.</p> Results <p>Childhood ADHD traits showed its strongest associations with trait-based mood instability, childhood trauma exposure, adult ADHD symptoms, and interpersonal sensitivity. Among mood temperaments, depressive temperament showed the strongest association, while hyperthymic the weakest. Emotion regulation skills showed minimal association. No significant subgroup differences were found among diagnostic groups or sexes according to multigroup SEM. Dimensionally, Self-esteem/Negative Mood uniquely predicted greater depressive and anxiety symptoms, behavioral inhibition, higher interpersonal sensitivity, lower resilience, and problematic alcohol use. Inattentiveness/School Problems was the strongest and most consistent predictor of adult ADHD symptoms. Impulsivity/Behavioral Problems selectively related to irritable temperament, behavioral activation, and lower interpersonal sensitivity.</p> Conclusions <p>Childhood ADHD traits show distinct, dimension-specific associations with adult mood disorder phenotypes. Viewing ADHD as distinct traits may guide more personalized treatment strategies.</p>

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Retrospective childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder traits and their differential associations with mood disorder presentations in adulthood

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

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  • Yewon Jwa,
  • Jakyung Lee,
  • Hyeona Yu,
  • Chan Woo Lee,
  • Hyun Jung Hur,
  • Hyun Seok Do,
  • Jongwook Lim,
  • Shinn Won Lim,
  • Jun Hyuck Kim,
  • In-Ae Hwang,
  • Hyo Shin Kang,
  • Tae Hyon Ha,
  • Jungkyu Park,
  • Woojae Myung

摘要

Background

Childhood symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often persist in adulthood and overlap considerably with mood disorder presentations. This study examines how specific childhood ADHD traits relate to distinct clinical characteristics in adults with mood disorders.

Methods

We analyzed data from 755 adults diagnosed with major depressive disorder (n = 287) or bipolar disorder (n = 468). Participants retrospectively reported childhood ADHD traits using the 25-item Wender Utah Rating Scale. We mapped associations between childhood ADHD total score and three childhood ADHD traits (Impulsivity/Behavioral Problems, Inattentiveness/School Problems, Self-esteem/Negative Mood) and a comprehensive set of clinical variables, including depression, anxiety, affective temperament, emotional instability, adult ADHD symptoms, emotion regulation skills, childhood trauma, interpersonal sensitivity, resilience, problematic alcohol use. Partial correlations were used to identify initial links, followed by the path analysis to further explore these associations.

Results

Childhood ADHD traits showed its strongest associations with trait-based mood instability, childhood trauma exposure, adult ADHD symptoms, and interpersonal sensitivity. Among mood temperaments, depressive temperament showed the strongest association, while hyperthymic the weakest. Emotion regulation skills showed minimal association. No significant subgroup differences were found among diagnostic groups or sexes according to multigroup SEM. Dimensionally, Self-esteem/Negative Mood uniquely predicted greater depressive and anxiety symptoms, behavioral inhibition, higher interpersonal sensitivity, lower resilience, and problematic alcohol use. Inattentiveness/School Problems was the strongest and most consistent predictor of adult ADHD symptoms. Impulsivity/Behavioral Problems selectively related to irritable temperament, behavioral activation, and lower interpersonal sensitivity.

Conclusions

Childhood ADHD traits show distinct, dimension-specific associations with adult mood disorder phenotypes. Viewing ADHD as distinct traits may guide more personalized treatment strategies.