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Purpose <p>To investigate the association between respiratory pathogens in olfactory cleft and olfactory dysfunction (OD) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).</p> Method <p>In this cross-sectional study, 152 CRS patients underwent comprehensive evaluations including Sniffin’ Sticks olfactory testing, paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT), and nasal endoscopy. Under endoscopic guidance, olfactory cleft samples were obtained via standardized scraping techniques. Nucleic acid testing identified for 32 respiratory pathogens.</p> Results <p>Among the patients with CRS, 67.1% exhibited OD, while 32.9% did not. After correction for multiple tests, OD patients showed higher positive rate of overall pathogens, particularly viral pathogens, compared to CRS without OD (all <i>q</i> &lt; 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that overall pathogen positivity (adjusted OR = 2.75, 95% CI: 1.41–6.19, <i>p</i> = 0.004) and viral detection (adjusted OR = 2.96, 95% CI: 1.09–8.00, <i>p</i> = 0.032) were each adjusted associated with OD. Furthermore, both exposure factors worsened olfactory function scores (<i>B</i> = -2.67, 95% CI: -5.08 to -0.26, <i>β</i> = -0.18, <i>p</i> = 0.030 for overall pathogen positivity; <i>B</i> = -2.89, 95% CI: -5.63 to -0.14, <i>β</i> = -0.18, <i>p</i> = 0.046 for viral positivity).</p> Conclusions <p>Detected pathogens in olfactory cleft, particularly viruses, are associated with OD in CRS. Our findings suggest the potential value of pathogen monitoring and support further study of pathogen detection’s clinical relevance to OD in CRS.</p>

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Enhanced detection of respiratory pathogens in olfactory swabs correlates with olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Lichuan Zhang,
  • Jingfan Wang,
  • Zhifu Sun,
  • Jiajia Dong,
  • Haili Sun

摘要

Purpose

To investigate the association between respiratory pathogens in olfactory cleft and olfactory dysfunction (OD) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Method

In this cross-sectional study, 152 CRS patients underwent comprehensive evaluations including Sniffin’ Sticks olfactory testing, paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT), and nasal endoscopy. Under endoscopic guidance, olfactory cleft samples were obtained via standardized scraping techniques. Nucleic acid testing identified for 32 respiratory pathogens.

Results

Among the patients with CRS, 67.1% exhibited OD, while 32.9% did not. After correction for multiple tests, OD patients showed higher positive rate of overall pathogens, particularly viral pathogens, compared to CRS without OD (all q < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that overall pathogen positivity (adjusted OR = 2.75, 95% CI: 1.41–6.19, p = 0.004) and viral detection (adjusted OR = 2.96, 95% CI: 1.09–8.00, p = 0.032) were each adjusted associated with OD. Furthermore, both exposure factors worsened olfactory function scores (B = -2.67, 95% CI: -5.08 to -0.26, β = -0.18, p = 0.030 for overall pathogen positivity; B = -2.89, 95% CI: -5.63 to -0.14, β = -0.18, p = 0.046 for viral positivity).

Conclusions

Detected pathogens in olfactory cleft, particularly viruses, are associated with OD in CRS. Our findings suggest the potential value of pathogen monitoring and support further study of pathogen detection’s clinical relevance to OD in CRS.