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Purpose <p>Olfactory dysfunction (OD) significantly impacts quality of life, affecting emotional well-being, nutrition, and social interaction. In Israel, where Hebrew is the dominant language, a culturally and linguistically validated olfactory assessment tool is essential. The “Sniffin’ Sticks” test is a widely used psychophysical method that evaluates olfactory performance using threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) scores. To date, no validated Hebrew version of the test exists.</p> Methods <p>A Hebrew version of the identification component (He-I) of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” was developed using a standardized forward–backward translation process. Participants completed the full TDI test battery, the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), and subjective measures, including a visual analog scale (VAS) for olfactory impairment. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha (α).</p> Results <p>A total of 121 participants were included: 76 patients with olfactory dysfunction and 45 healthy controls. The He-I score showed strong correlations with both TDI (<i>r</i> = 0.93) and UPSIT (<i>r</i> = 0.86). ROC analysis yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.881, with 93.3% sensitivity and 70.6% specificity at a cut-off score of 10.5. Internal consistency was excellent (α = 0.86). VAS scores demonstrated moderate correlation with objective olfactory scores (<i>r</i> = − 0.62, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001).</p> Conclusion <p>The Hebrew version of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” identification test is a valid, reliable, and culturally appropriate tool for evaluating olfactory function in Hebrew-speaking populations in Israel.</p>

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Validation of the Hebrew version of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” olfactory test: a cross-sectional study in an Israeli cohort

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月8日

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  • Idan Peled,
  • Tom Fischer,
  • Gilad Wasserman,
  • Ella Hazan,
  • Elinoy Herstain,
  • Abraham Abergel,
  • Narin Nard Carmel-Neiderman

摘要

Purpose

Olfactory dysfunction (OD) significantly impacts quality of life, affecting emotional well-being, nutrition, and social interaction. In Israel, where Hebrew is the dominant language, a culturally and linguistically validated olfactory assessment tool is essential. The “Sniffin’ Sticks” test is a widely used psychophysical method that evaluates olfactory performance using threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) scores. To date, no validated Hebrew version of the test exists.

Methods

A Hebrew version of the identification component (He-I) of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” was developed using a standardized forward–backward translation process. Participants completed the full TDI test battery, the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), and subjective measures, including a visual analog scale (VAS) for olfactory impairment. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, and internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha (α).

Results

A total of 121 participants were included: 76 patients with olfactory dysfunction and 45 healthy controls. The He-I score showed strong correlations with both TDI (r = 0.93) and UPSIT (r = 0.86). ROC analysis yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.881, with 93.3% sensitivity and 70.6% specificity at a cut-off score of 10.5. Internal consistency was excellent (α = 0.86). VAS scores demonstrated moderate correlation with objective olfactory scores (r = − 0.62, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The Hebrew version of the “Sniffin’ Sticks” identification test is a valid, reliable, and culturally appropriate tool for evaluating olfactory function in Hebrew-speaking populations in Israel.