Purpose <p>To investigate whether the number of oocytes retrieved after controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) for fertility preservation (FP) can be predicted using serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels in adolescent and young adult (AYA) women.</p> Methods <p>This is a retrospective cohort study in a large university-affiliated fertility center. AYA women aged 11 to 25&#xa0;years received COS using gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist protocols for FP were enrolled. Those with canceled cycles or incomplete data were excluded. The primary outcome is to determine whether the number of oocytes retrieved can be predicted through serum AMH levels using multiple linear regression analysis.</p> Results <p>The mean numbers of oocytes retrieved, mature oocytes retrieved, and oocytes cryopreserved were 10.3 ± 7.6, 6.9 ± 6.2, and 8.5 ± 6.8, respectively. Multiple stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that serum AMH level independently predicts COS outcomes, including the total number of oocytes retrieved (adjusted <i>R</i>² = 0.222, <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001), the number of mature oocytes retrieved (adjusted <i>R</i>² = 0.102, <i>P</i> = 0.013), and the number of oocytes cryopreserved (adjusted <i>R</i>² = 0.153, <i>P</i> = 0.003).</p> Conclusion <p>Serum AMH level was a significant predictor of the number of oocytes retrieved after COS for FP in AYA women, while antral follicle count and age were not significantly related.</p>