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<p>Human semen is a complex biological fluid whose rheological properties are relevant to male fertility and assisted reproductive technologies. Standard clinical assessment is largely qualitative and operator dependent, motivating the search for objective biophysical markers of semen quality. Although normospermic semen is commonly assumed to behave as a low viscosity Newtonian fluid after liquefaction, we previously demonstrated a viscoelastic response consistent with weak gel-like behaviour. Here, we extend this analysis to 62 semen samples from infertility-diagnosed individuals and compare their rheological behaviour with normospermic samples. Both groups display similar steady shear viscosity and weak-gel characteristics in oscillatory measurements, but statistically significant differences in G″ at high frequencies, indicating altered microstructural dynamics in abnormal samples. Different correlations between rheological parameters and sperm motility are also found. These findings show that clinically relevant differences in semen rheology emerge under oscillatory conditions and support viscoelasticity as a complementary metric to conventional semen analysis.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Viscoelastic alterations of human semen associated with diagnosed male infertility

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月21日

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  • Eleonora Pero,
  • Giovanna Tomaiuolo,
  • Federica Cariati,
  • Valentina Preziosi,
  • Antonella Panarelli,
  • Ida Strina,
  • Carlo Alviggi,
  • Stefano Guido

摘要

Human semen is a complex biological fluid whose rheological properties are relevant to male fertility and assisted reproductive technologies. Standard clinical assessment is largely qualitative and operator dependent, motivating the search for objective biophysical markers of semen quality. Although normospermic semen is commonly assumed to behave as a low viscosity Newtonian fluid after liquefaction, we previously demonstrated a viscoelastic response consistent with weak gel-like behaviour. Here, we extend this analysis to 62 semen samples from infertility-diagnosed individuals and compare their rheological behaviour with normospermic samples. Both groups display similar steady shear viscosity and weak-gel characteristics in oscillatory measurements, but statistically significant differences in G″ at high frequencies, indicating altered microstructural dynamics in abnormal samples. Different correlations between rheological parameters and sperm motility are also found. These findings show that clinically relevant differences in semen rheology emerge under oscillatory conditions and support viscoelasticity as a complementary metric to conventional semen analysis.

Graphical Abstract