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<p>In this study, κ-carrageenan-based hydrogel beads doped with kefir biomass were synthesized and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A Box-Behnken experimental design was employed to evaluate the effects of the kefir biomass ratio, cross-linker (KCl) concentration, and medium pH on the swelling capacity of the beads. ANOVA results demonstrated that the cross-linker concentration and the interactions between these factors significantly influenced the swelling behavior. Under optimized conditions (15% kefir biomass, 0.5&#xa0;M KCl, and pH 5.2), a maximum swelling degree of 32.03 g<sub>solution</sub>/g<sub>beads</sub> was achieved. Furthermore, the beads were loaded with a red food dye as a model drug to investigate their release behavior. Kinetic studies revealed that the swelling process follows a pseudo-first-order model, while the release of the model drug aligns with the Ritger-Peppas mechanism.</p>

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Kefir-carrageenan hydrogel beads: optimization of swelling, swelling and release kinetics

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月28日

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  • Şeyma Tös,
  • Dilek Kılıç,
  • Özlem Dogan

摘要

In this study, κ-carrageenan-based hydrogel beads doped with kefir biomass were synthesized and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A Box-Behnken experimental design was employed to evaluate the effects of the kefir biomass ratio, cross-linker (KCl) concentration, and medium pH on the swelling capacity of the beads. ANOVA results demonstrated that the cross-linker concentration and the interactions between these factors significantly influenced the swelling behavior. Under optimized conditions (15% kefir biomass, 0.5 M KCl, and pH 5.2), a maximum swelling degree of 32.03 gsolution/gbeads was achieved. Furthermore, the beads were loaded with a red food dye as a model drug to investigate their release behavior. Kinetic studies revealed that the swelling process follows a pseudo-first-order model, while the release of the model drug aligns with the Ritger-Peppas mechanism.