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<p>This study investigates the preparation, characterization, and evaluation of nanoemulsions (NEs) derived from cinnamon essential oil (EO) and its main component, trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), for antibacterial and antibiofilm effects against <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> PAO1. NEs were prepared by high-energy ultrasonication using span 80, tween 80 as surfactants, and lecithin as a ripening inhibitor. Dynamic light scattering analysis indicated that the system remained stable for a period of 8 weeks. Antibacterial activity evaluated by the microdilution assay revealed that NEs showed enhanced antibacterial activity compared to bulk oils. Biofilm inhibition assay using crystal violet staining at sub-MIC concentrations demonstrated that NEs reduced biofilm formation by more than 50%, even at the lowest concentration (1/8 × MIC). Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed decreased bacterial attachment and extracellular matrix in treated samples. Established biofilms were effectively eradicated by both NEs and bulk oils, with the best results achieved by TC nanoemulsion (TC NE) at 1/2 × MIC, resulting in 79.86 ± 1.46% biofilm eradication. The impact of TC NE on pyocyanin production, a virulence factor in <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, was also investigated. The NE inhibited pyocyanin production in a concentration-dependent manner, showing the greatest inhibition (94.76 ± 0.38%) at 1/2 × MIC after 24&#xa0;h. Finally, the degradation of TC by PAO1 was assessed. The results showed that cinnamaldehyde was converted into the less toxic cinnamic alcohol, with a slower conversion rate in NE-treated samples. These findings suggest that cinnamon and TC NEs may be effective antibacterial and antibiofilm agents.</p>

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Antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties of Trans-cinnamaldehyde and cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsions against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月11日

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  • Lida Ghaderi,
  • Samad Nejad Ebrahimi,
  • Alireza Ghassempour,
  • Atousa Aliahmadi,
  • Hasan Rafati

摘要

This study investigates the preparation, characterization, and evaluation of nanoemulsions (NEs) derived from cinnamon essential oil (EO) and its main component, trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), for antibacterial and antibiofilm effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. NEs were prepared by high-energy ultrasonication using span 80, tween 80 as surfactants, and lecithin as a ripening inhibitor. Dynamic light scattering analysis indicated that the system remained stable for a period of 8 weeks. Antibacterial activity evaluated by the microdilution assay revealed that NEs showed enhanced antibacterial activity compared to bulk oils. Biofilm inhibition assay using crystal violet staining at sub-MIC concentrations demonstrated that NEs reduced biofilm formation by more than 50%, even at the lowest concentration (1/8 × MIC). Scanning electron microscopy images confirmed decreased bacterial attachment and extracellular matrix in treated samples. Established biofilms were effectively eradicated by both NEs and bulk oils, with the best results achieved by TC nanoemulsion (TC NE) at 1/2 × MIC, resulting in 79.86 ± 1.46% biofilm eradication. The impact of TC NE on pyocyanin production, a virulence factor in P. aeruginosa, was also investigated. The NE inhibited pyocyanin production in a concentration-dependent manner, showing the greatest inhibition (94.76 ± 0.38%) at 1/2 × MIC after 24 h. Finally, the degradation of TC by PAO1 was assessed. The results showed that cinnamaldehyde was converted into the less toxic cinnamic alcohol, with a slower conversion rate in NE-treated samples. These findings suggest that cinnamon and TC NEs may be effective antibacterial and antibiofilm agents.