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<p>The increasing demand for sustainable and biodegradable materials has driven research into natural fiber–reinforced polymer composites. This study investigates the mechanical and physical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites reinforced with 30 wt% okra fiber and varying amounts (1–3 wt%) of jujube fruit seed particles. Compared with neat PLA (tensile 50&#xa0;MPa, flexural 110&#xa0;MPa, impact 4&#xa0;kJ/m², hardness 70 Shore D), the hybrid reinforcement achieved significant improvements: at 2 wt% jujube, tensile strength rose to 67&#xa0;MPa (+ 34%), flexural strength to 145&#xa0;MPa (+ 32%), impact strength to 8&#xa0;kJ/m² (+ 100%), and hardness to 79 Shore D (+ 13%). Density decreased, yielding lighter composites, but void content increased from 1.61% to 4.55%. Water absorption peaked at 28% at 1 wt% jujube but dropped to 21% at 3 wt%, indicating improved filler–matrix interaction at higher loading. Comparative analysis confirmed the superior performance of the PLA/okra/jujube system relative to other natural-fiber composites. These outcomes express the prospective of okra along with jujube seed particles as effective, eco-friendly reinforcements for high-performance biodegradable composites.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Mechanical performance of PLA composites reinforced with okra fiber and jujube fruit seed particles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月7日

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  • J. Melvin Jones,
  • J. Bensam Raj,
  • N. Natarajan,
  • R. J. Golden Renjith Nimal

摘要

The increasing demand for sustainable and biodegradable materials has driven research into natural fiber–reinforced polymer composites. This study investigates the mechanical and physical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites reinforced with 30 wt% okra fiber and varying amounts (1–3 wt%) of jujube fruit seed particles. Compared with neat PLA (tensile 50 MPa, flexural 110 MPa, impact 4 kJ/m², hardness 70 Shore D), the hybrid reinforcement achieved significant improvements: at 2 wt% jujube, tensile strength rose to 67 MPa (+ 34%), flexural strength to 145 MPa (+ 32%), impact strength to 8 kJ/m² (+ 100%), and hardness to 79 Shore D (+ 13%). Density decreased, yielding lighter composites, but void content increased from 1.61% to 4.55%. Water absorption peaked at 28% at 1 wt% jujube but dropped to 21% at 3 wt%, indicating improved filler–matrix interaction at higher loading. Comparative analysis confirmed the superior performance of the PLA/okra/jujube system relative to other natural-fiber composites. These outcomes express the prospective of okra along with jujube seed particles as effective, eco-friendly reinforcements for high-performance biodegradable composites.

Graphical abstract