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<p>Aridity patterns across South America arise from complex land-atmosphere interactions modulated by large-scale circulation and oceanic forcings. In particular, the transport of energy and moisture from the Atlantic Ocean plays a key control in shaping the continental hydroclimate. Using ERA5 reanalysis for 1980–2020, this study examines the interannual variability of the vertically integrated water vapor fluxes across five Atlantic-South America boundaries and their coupling with large-scale atmospheric and oceanic anomalies. Land hydroclimatic impacts are assessed using the Budyko aridity index. Enhanced Atlantic inflows are consistently associated with reduced aridity in southeastern South America, while northeastern regions experience drying linked to anomalous subsidence and suppressed precipitation, revealing a southeastern-northeastern aridity dipole. Tropical inflows respond to Pacific and Atlantic variability, whereas southern boundaries are also modulated by extratropical wavetrains. Interactions between dynamic and thermodynamic effects often compensate, shaping the net moisture balance. These results demonstrate that South American aridity emerges from the combined influence of circulation dynamics and ocean-atmosphere-land feedbacks.</p>

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Moisture exchange between South America and the Atlantic Ocean: implications for aridity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Juan Eugenio-Russmann,
  • Claudio G. Menéndez,
  • Julian A. Giles,
  • Andrea F. Carril

摘要

Aridity patterns across South America arise from complex land-atmosphere interactions modulated by large-scale circulation and oceanic forcings. In particular, the transport of energy and moisture from the Atlantic Ocean plays a key control in shaping the continental hydroclimate. Using ERA5 reanalysis for 1980–2020, this study examines the interannual variability of the vertically integrated water vapor fluxes across five Atlantic-South America boundaries and their coupling with large-scale atmospheric and oceanic anomalies. Land hydroclimatic impacts are assessed using the Budyko aridity index. Enhanced Atlantic inflows are consistently associated with reduced aridity in southeastern South America, while northeastern regions experience drying linked to anomalous subsidence and suppressed precipitation, revealing a southeastern-northeastern aridity dipole. Tropical inflows respond to Pacific and Atlantic variability, whereas southern boundaries are also modulated by extratropical wavetrains. Interactions between dynamic and thermodynamic effects often compensate, shaping the net moisture balance. These results demonstrate that South American aridity emerges from the combined influence of circulation dynamics and ocean-atmosphere-land feedbacks.