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<p>The stochastic climate model successfully predicts the red spectrum characteristic in climate variability, yet it fails to account for the specific frequency preference such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). This study reveals the mechanism of frequency-selective amplification driven by stochastic forcings. Using a linear feedback model, we demonstrate that the oceanic damping effect (modulated by mixed layer depth, wind speed and latent heat sensitivity) acts as a frequency filter, converting broadband stochastic atmospheric forcings into low-frequency responses. Extending to a two-dimensional system, we construct an oscillator driven by stochastic forcing, wherein specific low-frequency components are amplified through ocean–atmosphere coupling. Analytical solutions link the spectral peak to the dynamical parameters, which are determined by the system’s coupling and feedback process. Applied to the North Atlantic, this framework explains (1) the multidecadal timescale preference via ocean damping effect and (2) North Atlantic Oscillation-AMO transitions through stochastically forced oscillation. By resolving dynamics between stochastic forcing and deterministic responses, our results advance understanding of the origins of climatic quasi-periodicity.</p>

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Ocean mixed-layer damping and air–sea coupling modulate multidecadal spectral selectivity in the North Atlantic

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月14日

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  • Hongyuan Zhao,
  • Jianping Li

摘要

The stochastic climate model successfully predicts the red spectrum characteristic in climate variability, yet it fails to account for the specific frequency preference such as the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). This study reveals the mechanism of frequency-selective amplification driven by stochastic forcings. Using a linear feedback model, we demonstrate that the oceanic damping effect (modulated by mixed layer depth, wind speed and latent heat sensitivity) acts as a frequency filter, converting broadband stochastic atmospheric forcings into low-frequency responses. Extending to a two-dimensional system, we construct an oscillator driven by stochastic forcing, wherein specific low-frequency components are amplified through ocean–atmosphere coupling. Analytical solutions link the spectral peak to the dynamical parameters, which are determined by the system’s coupling and feedback process. Applied to the North Atlantic, this framework explains (1) the multidecadal timescale preference via ocean damping effect and (2) North Atlantic Oscillation-AMO transitions through stochastically forced oscillation. By resolving dynamics between stochastic forcing and deterministic responses, our results advance understanding of the origins of climatic quasi-periodicity.