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<p>The debris-covered glaciers are extensively distributed in the Mt. Tomor of the Tien Shan. Conducting comparative studies between debris-covered and debris-free zones is crucial for understanding the varying responses of glaciers to climate change, and furthermore can enhance the accuracy of simulating the mass balance of debris-covered glaciers. Driven by the meteorological data, this study modelled the energy flux and melt characteristics in debris-covered and debris-free zones of Qingbingtan Glacier No. 72 in Mt. Tomor, Tien Shan using the Debris Energy-Balance model (DEB) and Coupled Snowpack and Ice surface energy and mass-balance model in Python (COSIPY), respectively. The results demonstrated that the simulated melt in the debris-covered zone (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.92) and the debris-free zone (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.79) was highly consistent with the measured values. The annual average melt in the debris-covered zone calculated by the DEB model was − 1.53&#xa0;m w.e., while the value in the debris-free zone calculated using the COSIPY model was − 2.31&#xa0;m w.e. from 2000 to 2023 for the point scale at the same altitude. The presence of debris resulted in a significant 33% reduction in glacier melt. In comparison to debris-free zone, debris-covered zone absorbed a greater amount of net shortwave radiation. This higher energy input primarily enhanced energy release through turbulent heat flux and outgoing longwave radiation. In addition, debris thickness critically influences sub-debris melt rates: at 4&#xa0;cm, daily melt is 0.045&#xa0;m w.e., but beyond this threshold, melt decreases with increasing thickness. The findings of this study are expected to reduce uncertainties in future glaciological modeling and enhance our understanding of glacier–climate interactions in glacierized regions.</p>

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Comparison of surface energy balance and melt characteristics between debris-covered and debris-free zones on Qingbingtan Glacier No. 72, Mt. Tomor of Tien Shan

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月17日

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  • Jie He,
  • Puyu Wang,
  • Hongliang Li,
  • Ping Zhou,
  • Jianxin Mu,
  • Fanglong Wang,
  • Puchen Chen,
  • Fengchen Yu,
  • Yuping Dai

摘要

The debris-covered glaciers are extensively distributed in the Mt. Tomor of the Tien Shan. Conducting comparative studies between debris-covered and debris-free zones is crucial for understanding the varying responses of glaciers to climate change, and furthermore can enhance the accuracy of simulating the mass balance of debris-covered glaciers. Driven by the meteorological data, this study modelled the energy flux and melt characteristics in debris-covered and debris-free zones of Qingbingtan Glacier No. 72 in Mt. Tomor, Tien Shan using the Debris Energy-Balance model (DEB) and Coupled Snowpack and Ice surface energy and mass-balance model in Python (COSIPY), respectively. The results demonstrated that the simulated melt in the debris-covered zone (R2 = 0.92) and the debris-free zone (R2 = 0.79) was highly consistent with the measured values. The annual average melt in the debris-covered zone calculated by the DEB model was − 1.53 m w.e., while the value in the debris-free zone calculated using the COSIPY model was − 2.31 m w.e. from 2000 to 2023 for the point scale at the same altitude. The presence of debris resulted in a significant 33% reduction in glacier melt. In comparison to debris-free zone, debris-covered zone absorbed a greater amount of net shortwave radiation. This higher energy input primarily enhanced energy release through turbulent heat flux and outgoing longwave radiation. In addition, debris thickness critically influences sub-debris melt rates: at 4 cm, daily melt is 0.045 m w.e., but beyond this threshold, melt decreases with increasing thickness. The findings of this study are expected to reduce uncertainties in future glaciological modeling and enhance our understanding of glacier–climate interactions in glacierized regions.