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<p>The Gulf Stream North Wall (GSNW) and shelf-slope front (SSF), along the eastern coast of the North America, at both surface and subsurface levels, significantly influence regional climate, oceanic energy and mass exchanges, marine ecosystems and fisheries. Previous studies often defined the GSNW and SSF and examined their variability based on oceanographic variables from the surface or a specific subsurface depth, typically considering them separately. Here, we examine the dominant mode of the sea temperature gradient at three depths, referred to as the Northwest Atlantic temperature gradient mode (NATG), using observational and model data. The NATG reflects the combined long-term variability of the SSF and GSNW, exhibits a significant ~ 100-year spectral peak, and underwent a significant multi-decadal trend reversal around early 1960s. It is strongly correlated with the variability of the velocity difference between the Gulf Stream and Labrador Current, and may be associated with an anomalous surface atmospheric cyclone–anticyclone configuration along the east coast of the North American continent. Our results enhance the understanding of long-term climate change in the Northwest Atlantic.</p>

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The long-term variability of dominant mode of sea temperature gradient in the Northwest Atlantic

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月22日

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  • Houlin Xiong,
  • Jianping Li

摘要

The Gulf Stream North Wall (GSNW) and shelf-slope front (SSF), along the eastern coast of the North America, at both surface and subsurface levels, significantly influence regional climate, oceanic energy and mass exchanges, marine ecosystems and fisheries. Previous studies often defined the GSNW and SSF and examined their variability based on oceanographic variables from the surface or a specific subsurface depth, typically considering them separately. Here, we examine the dominant mode of the sea temperature gradient at three depths, referred to as the Northwest Atlantic temperature gradient mode (NATG), using observational and model data. The NATG reflects the combined long-term variability of the SSF and GSNW, exhibits a significant ~ 100-year spectral peak, and underwent a significant multi-decadal trend reversal around early 1960s. It is strongly correlated with the variability of the velocity difference between the Gulf Stream and Labrador Current, and may be associated with an anomalous surface atmospheric cyclone–anticyclone configuration along the east coast of the North American continent. Our results enhance the understanding of long-term climate change in the Northwest Atlantic.