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<p>This study investigates the dominant modes and drivers of interannual variability of summer surface air temperature (SAT) over Europe. The first Empirical Orthogonal Function Mode (EOF1) of interannual variability of summer SAT over Europe shows a northeast-southwest dipole pattern with large SAT warming over central and northeastern Europe and SAT cooling of weaker extent and amplitude over southwestern Europe. The EOF2 shows a tripole pattern with warming over central Europe and cooling over southwestern and northeastern Europe. The EOF3 shows a meridional dipole pattern. Atmospheric changes contribute to SAT anomalies of the three EOF modes via wind-induced temperature advection and cloud-induced radiation changes. Specifically, EOF1 is related to the East Atlantic/Western Russia pattern (EA/WR). The EA/WR-generated anticyclonic (cyclonic) anomaly and associated meridional wind anomalies over central and eastern (western) Europe lead to less (more) cloud cover, more (less) downward shortwave radiation, and warm (cold) advection, thus resulting in SAT warming (cooling) there. The EOF2 is associated with the British-Baikal Corridor pattern (BBC). The BBC-induced anticyclonic anomaly over central-northern Europe and cyclonic anomaly on its eastern and western sides contribute to the zonal tripole SAT anomaly pattern. The Scandinavian pattern has a marked contribution to the EOF3 by generating anticyclonic anomaly over the Scandinavian peninsula and cyclonic anomaly on its southwestern side. Further analysis shows that EOF1 is also associated with sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the equatorial central-eastern Pacific, southern Atlantic, and mid-latitude North Atlantic. EOF2 is related to SST anomalies in the equatorial central Pacific and high-latitude North Pacific. EOF3 is associated with SST anomalies in the North Atlantic and the tropical Indian Ocean. Several coupled climate models can well simulate the first three EOF modes of summer SAT anomalies over Europe and the associated atmospheric circulation anomalies. These results contribute to a better understanding of the interannual variability and drivers of European SAT.</p>

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Dominant modes and drivers of interannual variability of surface air temperature in boreal summer over Europe

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月16日

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  • Yan Chen,
  • Shangfeng Chen,
  • Wen Chen,
  • Renguang Wu,
  • Juan Feng

摘要

This study investigates the dominant modes and drivers of interannual variability of summer surface air temperature (SAT) over Europe. The first Empirical Orthogonal Function Mode (EOF1) of interannual variability of summer SAT over Europe shows a northeast-southwest dipole pattern with large SAT warming over central and northeastern Europe and SAT cooling of weaker extent and amplitude over southwestern Europe. The EOF2 shows a tripole pattern with warming over central Europe and cooling over southwestern and northeastern Europe. The EOF3 shows a meridional dipole pattern. Atmospheric changes contribute to SAT anomalies of the three EOF modes via wind-induced temperature advection and cloud-induced radiation changes. Specifically, EOF1 is related to the East Atlantic/Western Russia pattern (EA/WR). The EA/WR-generated anticyclonic (cyclonic) anomaly and associated meridional wind anomalies over central and eastern (western) Europe lead to less (more) cloud cover, more (less) downward shortwave radiation, and warm (cold) advection, thus resulting in SAT warming (cooling) there. The EOF2 is associated with the British-Baikal Corridor pattern (BBC). The BBC-induced anticyclonic anomaly over central-northern Europe and cyclonic anomaly on its eastern and western sides contribute to the zonal tripole SAT anomaly pattern. The Scandinavian pattern has a marked contribution to the EOF3 by generating anticyclonic anomaly over the Scandinavian peninsula and cyclonic anomaly on its southwestern side. Further analysis shows that EOF1 is also associated with sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the equatorial central-eastern Pacific, southern Atlantic, and mid-latitude North Atlantic. EOF2 is related to SST anomalies in the equatorial central Pacific and high-latitude North Pacific. EOF3 is associated with SST anomalies in the North Atlantic and the tropical Indian Ocean. Several coupled climate models can well simulate the first three EOF modes of summer SAT anomalies over Europe and the associated atmospheric circulation anomalies. These results contribute to a better understanding of the interannual variability and drivers of European SAT.