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<p>The Arctic stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) has been demonstrated to strongly influence extreme cold air at northern mid-high latitudes. However, it is not known whether the linkage between the tropical and Arctic stratosphere exerts some impact on extreme cold air. Here, we show that modulations of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) on extreme cold air significantly enhanced around the North Pacific after the mid-1990s. This enhanced QBO-extreme cold air relationship is found to be related to the interaction between the QBO’s polar effect (called the Holton-Tan effect) and subtropical effect. An enhanced Holton-Tan effect causes stronger SPV signals to extend downward from the upper stratosphere to the surface, which shifts the direct tropospheric response to the QBO southward over the North Pacific and further modulates the frequency of extreme cold air over the Asia-Pacific-America region. Our result reveals an unrecognized joint effect of the tropical and polar stratosphere on surface climate, which is sensitive to the decadal changes of the Holton-Tan effect.</p>

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Holton-Tan effect enhances the influence of the QBO on the surface air temperature around the North Pacific

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年2月18日

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  • Ruhua Zhang,
  • Wen Zhou,
  • Wenshou Tian

摘要

The Arctic stratospheric polar vortex (SPV) has been demonstrated to strongly influence extreme cold air at northern mid-high latitudes. However, it is not known whether the linkage between the tropical and Arctic stratosphere exerts some impact on extreme cold air. Here, we show that modulations of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) on extreme cold air significantly enhanced around the North Pacific after the mid-1990s. This enhanced QBO-extreme cold air relationship is found to be related to the interaction between the QBO’s polar effect (called the Holton-Tan effect) and subtropical effect. An enhanced Holton-Tan effect causes stronger SPV signals to extend downward from the upper stratosphere to the surface, which shifts the direct tropospheric response to the QBO southward over the North Pacific and further modulates the frequency of extreme cold air over the Asia-Pacific-America region. Our result reveals an unrecognized joint effect of the tropical and polar stratosphere on surface climate, which is sensitive to the decadal changes of the Holton-Tan effect.