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Objective <p>To investigate disparities and long-term trends in primary intracranial germ cell tumors (GCTs) incidence and mortality.</p> Methods <p>Data from the National Cancer Institute 22-registry Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were analyzed. Age-adjusted rates were calculated using SEER*Stat, and trends were assessed using Joinpoint regression at a significance level of <i>P</i> &lt; 0.05.</p> Results <p>This study systematically analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of GCTs from 1975 to 2021. Germinoma incidence first increased (1975–2001: + 2.42% per year) and then decreased in males, while remaining stable in females. Non-germinomatous GCTs incidence plateaued but mortality in males increased within 3 years of diagnosis. Embryonal carcinoma incidence decreased in age 1–4 (APC = −1.29) and 15–19 (APC = −1.73), with distant mortality peaking within 5 years. Teratoma incidence rose in infants (males: APC = 3.66; females: APC = 2.48), with a 5-year mortality rate of 22.4% in metastatic disease. Choriocarcinoma declined in adolescents, with cumulative mortality rates higher in males. Distant stage disease showed significantly higher mortality than localized, peaking within 5 years of diagnosis. Sex-based disparities were evident across subtypes, with males exhibiting a higher overall risk of mortality.</p> Conclusion <p>Cancer stage and sex are critical prognostic factors. Increased localized cases suggest advancements in early diagnosis and treatment, while rising long-term mortality underscores challenges in managing complications. These trends highlight the need for optimized therapeutic strategies to address disparities in GCT outcomes.</p>

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Long-term trends and disparities in primary intracranial germ cell tumor incidence and mortality for child and adolescent in the USA

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月20日

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  • Xijin Lin,
  • Kongfeng Shao,
  • Yingyi He,
  • Haiyan Chen

摘要

Objective

To investigate disparities and long-term trends in primary intracranial germ cell tumors (GCTs) incidence and mortality.

Methods

Data from the National Cancer Institute 22-registry Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were analyzed. Age-adjusted rates were calculated using SEER*Stat, and trends were assessed using Joinpoint regression at a significance level of P < 0.05.

Results

This study systematically analyzed the epidemiological characteristics of GCTs from 1975 to 2021. Germinoma incidence first increased (1975–2001: + 2.42% per year) and then decreased in males, while remaining stable in females. Non-germinomatous GCTs incidence plateaued but mortality in males increased within 3 years of diagnosis. Embryonal carcinoma incidence decreased in age 1–4 (APC = −1.29) and 15–19 (APC = −1.73), with distant mortality peaking within 5 years. Teratoma incidence rose in infants (males: APC = 3.66; females: APC = 2.48), with a 5-year mortality rate of 22.4% in metastatic disease. Choriocarcinoma declined in adolescents, with cumulative mortality rates higher in males. Distant stage disease showed significantly higher mortality than localized, peaking within 5 years of diagnosis. Sex-based disparities were evident across subtypes, with males exhibiting a higher overall risk of mortality.

Conclusion

Cancer stage and sex are critical prognostic factors. Increased localized cases suggest advancements in early diagnosis and treatment, while rising long-term mortality underscores challenges in managing complications. These trends highlight the need for optimized therapeutic strategies to address disparities in GCT outcomes.