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<p>Cyanobacteria are capable of degrading antibiotics, however, have not yet been applied to antibiotic-contaminated soil. In this study, a non-toxic cyanobacterium, <i>Chroococcus</i> sp., was applied to vegetable soil planted with pakchoi and contaminated with oxytetracycline (OTC) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) at an initial concentration of 100&#xa0;µg kg<sup>− 1</sup> for each antibiotic. After 20 d of cyanobacterial treatment, 63.37–79.74% of OTC and 72.07–90.05% of SDZ were removed from bulk soil, with removal rates decreasing with increasing soil depth. In the rhizosphere soil, 83.94% of OTC and 88.07% of SDZ were removed, whereas in vegetable leaves, 85.99% of OTC and 86.64% of SDZ were eliminated. Cyanobacterial treatment also increased plant height and leaf number by 1.44- and 1.32-fold, respectively, due to improved soil fertility. The soil microbial community showed upregulation of <i>Pseudomonas</i>, <i>Hyphomicrobium</i>, <i>Sphingomonas</i>, <i>Nocardioides</i>, <i>Lactobacillus</i>, <i>Paenibacillus</i>, and <i>Bacillus</i>, which cooperated with <i>Chroococcus</i> sp. in antibiotic removal and plant growth stimulation. Additionally, <i>Chroococcus</i> sp. directly downregulated the relative abundances of <i>tetW</i> and <i>sul3</i> in the soil microbial community and vegetable endophytes. Cyanobacterial treatment also indirectly inhibited the transmission of 14 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from the soil microbiome to plant endophytes, by downregulating host bacteria (<i>Tumebacillus</i> and <i>Dyella</i>) and upregulating ARG-removal bacteria (<i>Paenibacillus</i> and <i>Bacillus</i>). This study demonstrates the potential of cyanobacteria to mitigate antibiotic and ARG contamination in soil.</p>

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Removal of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from vegetable soil and regulation of soil microbial community by a non-toxic cyanobacterium

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月2日

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  • Yawen Qi,
  • Guannan Lin,
  • Ying Liu,
  • Jian Zhang

摘要

Cyanobacteria are capable of degrading antibiotics, however, have not yet been applied to antibiotic-contaminated soil. In this study, a non-toxic cyanobacterium, Chroococcus sp., was applied to vegetable soil planted with pakchoi and contaminated with oxytetracycline (OTC) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) at an initial concentration of 100 µg kg− 1 for each antibiotic. After 20 d of cyanobacterial treatment, 63.37–79.74% of OTC and 72.07–90.05% of SDZ were removed from bulk soil, with removal rates decreasing with increasing soil depth. In the rhizosphere soil, 83.94% of OTC and 88.07% of SDZ were removed, whereas in vegetable leaves, 85.99% of OTC and 86.64% of SDZ were eliminated. Cyanobacterial treatment also increased plant height and leaf number by 1.44- and 1.32-fold, respectively, due to improved soil fertility. The soil microbial community showed upregulation of Pseudomonas, Hyphomicrobium, Sphingomonas, Nocardioides, Lactobacillus, Paenibacillus, and Bacillus, which cooperated with Chroococcus sp. in antibiotic removal and plant growth stimulation. Additionally, Chroococcus sp. directly downregulated the relative abundances of tetW and sul3 in the soil microbial community and vegetable endophytes. Cyanobacterial treatment also indirectly inhibited the transmission of 14 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from the soil microbiome to plant endophytes, by downregulating host bacteria (Tumebacillus and Dyella) and upregulating ARG-removal bacteria (Paenibacillus and Bacillus). This study demonstrates the potential of cyanobacteria to mitigate antibiotic and ARG contamination in soil.