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<p>The Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) Seafloor Acoustic Probe (KISAP) was developed in 2018 to obtain in situ compressional wave velocity profiles of seafloor sediments in the vertical direction with depth. Multiple (M)-KISAP, an advanced version of KISAP, was recently developed by KIGAM to measure in situ horizontal velocities at the sediment–water interface (fluid zone). In addition to acoustic measurements, M-KISAP enables sediment sampling and the acquisition of in situ temperature and pressure data. The system was deployed and tested aboard the <i>R/V Tamhae2</i> in 2023. The in situ velocities measured at the sediment–water interface ranged from 1418 to 1429&#xa0;m/s. The in situ velocities of the water column above the sediment–water interface ranged from 1435 to 1448&#xa0;m/s, which are up to 30&#xa0;m/s higher than those of the seafloor sediments. The in situ velocity values at the sediment–water interface were compared with the high-velocity values (1491–1496&#xa0;m/s) measured in the laboratory. The differences can be attributed not only to variations in temperature and pressure during velocity measurements but also to their dependency on the measurement frequency. To quantitatively assess the reliability of the measurements, RMSE and MAPE were calculated between the measured in situ and laboratory velocity and attenuation data and the Biot–Stoll model predictions. After correcting for temperature and pressure effects, both in situ and laboratory velocity and attenuation data showed overall good agreement with the Biot–Stoll model predictions, supporting the reliability of M-KISAP measurements. These results demonstrate that M-KISAP can obtain in situ data from the sediment–water interface more accurately than KISAP. Therefore, M-KISAP is expected to advance our understanding of the geophysical processes occurring at the sediment–water interface.</p>

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Multiple-KISAP: a novel tool for in situ data acquisition at the sediment–water interface

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月25日

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  • Kiju Park,
  • Gil Young Kim,
  • Gwang Soo Lee,
  • Boyeon Yi,
  • Yuri Kim

摘要

The Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) Seafloor Acoustic Probe (KISAP) was developed in 2018 to obtain in situ compressional wave velocity profiles of seafloor sediments in the vertical direction with depth. Multiple (M)-KISAP, an advanced version of KISAP, was recently developed by KIGAM to measure in situ horizontal velocities at the sediment–water interface (fluid zone). In addition to acoustic measurements, M-KISAP enables sediment sampling and the acquisition of in situ temperature and pressure data. The system was deployed and tested aboard the R/V Tamhae2 in 2023. The in situ velocities measured at the sediment–water interface ranged from 1418 to 1429 m/s. The in situ velocities of the water column above the sediment–water interface ranged from 1435 to 1448 m/s, which are up to 30 m/s higher than those of the seafloor sediments. The in situ velocity values at the sediment–water interface were compared with the high-velocity values (1491–1496 m/s) measured in the laboratory. The differences can be attributed not only to variations in temperature and pressure during velocity measurements but also to their dependency on the measurement frequency. To quantitatively assess the reliability of the measurements, RMSE and MAPE were calculated between the measured in situ and laboratory velocity and attenuation data and the Biot–Stoll model predictions. After correcting for temperature and pressure effects, both in situ and laboratory velocity and attenuation data showed overall good agreement with the Biot–Stoll model predictions, supporting the reliability of M-KISAP measurements. These results demonstrate that M-KISAP can obtain in situ data from the sediment–water interface more accurately than KISAP. Therefore, M-KISAP is expected to advance our understanding of the geophysical processes occurring at the sediment–water interface.