<p>The complete solution of the bispectral problem for the Schrödinger operator <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(L=-\tfrac{d^2}{dx^2}+V(x)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>L</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> <mo>+</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in [<CitationRef CitationID="CR19">19</CitationRef>] is obtained by the application of the Darboux process to the cases of <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(V=0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(V(x)=-\tfrac{1}{4x^2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. Both of these cases are trivially bispectral and after repeated applications of the Darboux process one gets either a pair of rank one bundles of bispectral situations (when starting from <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(V=0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) or a rank two bispectral bundle (when starting from <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(V(x)=-\tfrac{1}{4x^2}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>). In the first case all operators have “trivial monodromy” as defined in [<CitationRef CitationID="CR19">19</CitationRef>]. In the second case the monodromy group of all operators is given by the integers. In this paper we start from <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(V(x)=x^2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>V</mi> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, use the Darboux process and explore the connection between the rank of certain non-polynomial bispectral families and trivial monodromy by means of examples. The main conclusion is that the results in [<CitationRef CitationID="CR19">19</CitationRef>] do not apply verbatim in this case.</p>

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The Bispectral Problem, the Darboux Process, Monodromy and the Hermite Operator

  • M. M. Castro,
  • F. A. Grünbaum

摘要

The complete solution of the bispectral problem for the Schrödinger operator \(L=-\tfrac{d^2}{dx^2}+V(x)\) L = - d 2 d x 2 + V ( x ) in [19] is obtained by the application of the Darboux process to the cases of \(V=0\) V = 0 and \(V(x)=-\tfrac{1}{4x^2}\) V ( x ) = - 1 4 x 2 . Both of these cases are trivially bispectral and after repeated applications of the Darboux process one gets either a pair of rank one bundles of bispectral situations (when starting from \(V=0\) V = 0 ) or a rank two bispectral bundle (when starting from \(V(x)=-\tfrac{1}{4x^2}\) V ( x ) = - 1 4 x 2 ). In the first case all operators have “trivial monodromy” as defined in [19]. In the second case the monodromy group of all operators is given by the integers. In this paper we start from \(V(x)=x^2\) V ( x ) = x 2 , use the Darboux process and explore the connection between the rank of certain non-polynomial bispectral families and trivial monodromy by means of examples. The main conclusion is that the results in [19] do not apply verbatim in this case.