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<p>Arsenic (As) contamination poses a serious threat to rice <i>(Oryza sativa</i> L.) production, food safety, and human health. This study evaluated the efficacy of chitosan–zinc nanoparticles (CS-ZnNPs) as a seed priming agent in modulating early seedling responses following arsenate exposure (5 d) and subsequent recovery (10 d). CS-ZnNPs were synthesized via ionic gelation, encapsulating zinc within a chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) matrix. Characterization revealed an average particle size of ~ 33.7&#xa0;nm (SEM), hydrodynamic diameter of 264.4&#xa0;nm (DLS), polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.344, and zeta potential of + 24.1&#xa0;mV, confirming stability and uniform dispersion. Priming treatment with different concentrations of CS-ZnNPs (0.01%, 0.03%, and 0.05%) was applied to two contrasting rice varieties; traditional Black rice and a high-yielding Dhan rice variety, under both As-exposed and control conditions. As stress severely impaired germination, biomass, chlorophyll content, and micronutrient uptake while increasing oxidative damage and As accumulation. CS-ZnNPs priming significantly enhanced stress tolerance in a dose and variety dependent manner, with optimal concentrations at 0.01% for Black rice and 0.03% for Dhan rice. Treated seedlings exhibited increased antioxidant activity, reduced ROS levels, improved Zn localization, and restored micronutrient (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn) balance. Notably, CS-ZnNPs reduced As accumulation in both varieties by 50–54% in shoots and 33–50% in roots. The synergistic effects of chitosan and zinc in CS-ZnNPs highlight their potential as an eco-friendly strategy to enhance rice resilience under As contaminated conditions, offering a sustainable solution for rice cultivation.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Chitosan–Zinc Nanoparticles Modulate Early Seedling Growth and Physiological–Biochemical Responses in Contrasting Rice (Oryza Sativa) Varieties Following Arsenate Exposure and Recovery

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • Akash Hidangmayum,
  • Parvathy R Nair,
  • Prasann Kumar,
  • Sudhir Kumar Upadhyay,
  • Padmanabh Dwivedi

摘要

Arsenic (As) contamination poses a serious threat to rice (Oryza sativa L.) production, food safety, and human health. This study evaluated the efficacy of chitosan–zinc nanoparticles (CS-ZnNPs) as a seed priming agent in modulating early seedling responses following arsenate exposure (5 d) and subsequent recovery (10 d). CS-ZnNPs were synthesized via ionic gelation, encapsulating zinc within a chitosan-sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) matrix. Characterization revealed an average particle size of ~ 33.7 nm (SEM), hydrodynamic diameter of 264.4 nm (DLS), polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.344, and zeta potential of + 24.1 mV, confirming stability and uniform dispersion. Priming treatment with different concentrations of CS-ZnNPs (0.01%, 0.03%, and 0.05%) was applied to two contrasting rice varieties; traditional Black rice and a high-yielding Dhan rice variety, under both As-exposed and control conditions. As stress severely impaired germination, biomass, chlorophyll content, and micronutrient uptake while increasing oxidative damage and As accumulation. CS-ZnNPs priming significantly enhanced stress tolerance in a dose and variety dependent manner, with optimal concentrations at 0.01% for Black rice and 0.03% for Dhan rice. Treated seedlings exhibited increased antioxidant activity, reduced ROS levels, improved Zn localization, and restored micronutrient (Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn) balance. Notably, CS-ZnNPs reduced As accumulation in both varieties by 50–54% in shoots and 33–50% in roots. The synergistic effects of chitosan and zinc in CS-ZnNPs highlight their potential as an eco-friendly strategy to enhance rice resilience under As contaminated conditions, offering a sustainable solution for rice cultivation.

Graphical Abstract