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<p>Proline (Pro) is an amino acid that acts as an osmoprotector to enable plants to adjust to unfavorable environmental conditions, especially against cellular stress. This study evaluated the physiological and biochemical responses of beet plants to exogenous Pro application under non-stress conditions. Plants were treated with 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2&#xa0;mmol L⁻<sup>1</sup> Pro, and growth, photosynthetic performance, antioxidant metabolism, and secondary metabolites were assessed. Chlorophyll fluorescence was increased, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents were reduced in plants treated with exogenous Pro at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2&#xa0;mmol L⁻<sup>1</sup>. Photosynthetic pigments increased to 1, 1.5, and 2&#xa0;mmol L<sup>−1</sup>. The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) had greater activity at all Pro concentrations. However, the concentration of amino acids and proteins increased at all concentrations, whereas the concentrations of reducing sugars, β-carotene, anthocyanin, and betalain increased at a concentration of 0.5&#xa0;mmol L<sup>−1</sup> and pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) activity and Pro content at 1.5&#xa0;mmol L<sup>−1</sup>. The application of 0.5 and 1&#xa0;mmol L<sup>−1</sup> showed higher levels of polyphenols and flavonoids, caused by an increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS) enzymes, resulting in increased antioxidant potential. Furthermore, all concentrations increased the total fresh weight of the plant. The results show that elicitation with Pro had a hormonal effect on plant growth acting as a metabolism-inducing substance that improved the quality of the beets.</p>

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Elicitation with Proline Enhancing Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Antioxidant Metabolism to Scavenge ROS, and Osmolytes Accumulation in Beets

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Grazielli Medeiros da Silva,
  • Adeline de Souza,
  • Danilo André Ramalho de Campos,
  • Alexandre Esteves Dias Filho,
  • Alessandra Maria dos Santos,
  • Angélica Maria Lourenção,
  • Pedro Henrique Gorni

摘要

Proline (Pro) is an amino acid that acts as an osmoprotector to enable plants to adjust to unfavorable environmental conditions, especially against cellular stress. This study evaluated the physiological and biochemical responses of beet plants to exogenous Pro application under non-stress conditions. Plants were treated with 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mmol L⁻1 Pro, and growth, photosynthetic performance, antioxidant metabolism, and secondary metabolites were assessed. Chlorophyll fluorescence was increased, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents were reduced in plants treated with exogenous Pro at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mmol L⁻1. Photosynthetic pigments increased to 1, 1.5, and 2 mmol L−1. The antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) had greater activity at all Pro concentrations. However, the concentration of amino acids and proteins increased at all concentrations, whereas the concentrations of reducing sugars, β-carotene, anthocyanin, and betalain increased at a concentration of 0.5 mmol L−1 and pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) activity and Pro content at 1.5 mmol L−1. The application of 0.5 and 1 mmol L−1 showed higher levels of polyphenols and flavonoids, caused by an increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS) enzymes, resulting in increased antioxidant potential. Furthermore, all concentrations increased the total fresh weight of the plant. The results show that elicitation with Pro had a hormonal effect on plant growth acting as a metabolism-inducing substance that improved the quality of the beets.