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<p>Growing challenges on land and water resources have increased the need for sustainable cultivation systems, making hydroponic cultivation an efficient alternative for producing high quality ornamental crops. <i>Gladiolus grandiflora</i> L., is a commercially important cut flower valued for its diverse colors and long spikes, it often faces constraints in soil-based cultivation due to nutrient imbalance, poor drainage and susceptibility to many fungal diseases like, Fusarium corm rot and Alternaria leaf spot. In this study, the performance of two widely grown and commercially important cultivars of <i>G. grandiflora</i> especially, <i>Yellow Nova Lux</i> and <i>White Prosperity</i>, were evaluated under open field and hydroponic conditions. The study presents a comprehensive assessment of the morphological, physiological, biochemical, anatomical and molecular traits of the cultivar. Hydroponically grown plants flowered earlier, produced more and larger florets and developed bigger corms and more cormels than soil grown plants. Enhanced photosynthetic rate (<i>A</i>), transpiration rate (<i>E</i>) and water use efficiency (WUE) were supported by increased chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Strong antioxidant activity was observed in both cultivars through the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, with <i>Yellow Nova Lux</i> showing slightly higher radical scavenging potential. Anatomical observations revealed wider vascular bundles, more organized parenchyma tissues and larger stomatal apertures in hydroponically grown plants, indicating improved nutrient transport, storage and gas exchange. Real time analysis further confirmed higher expression of flowering related genes (<i>GgEXPA1</i>, <i>GgERS1a</i>, <i>GgDAD1</i>) and lower expression of senescence associated genes (<i>GgCyP1</i>, <i>SAGs</i>) in hydroponically grown plants, supporting enhanced floral expansion and delayed aging. Overall, hydroponic cultivation significantly improved growth, flowering quality and physiological efficiency, demonstrating its strong potential as a resource efficient and commercially feasible alternative for production of <i>Gladiolus</i> flowers throughout the year. Future studies should focus on farmer participatory trials, integration of renewable energy driven hydroponic systems and advanced molecular mapping to further enhance sustainability and commercial adoption.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Adaptive responses of Gladiolus grandiflora L. to Soil and Hydroponic Systems: Morphological, Physiological, Anatomical and Molecular Perspectives

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Piyush Verma,
  • Mohit Yadav,
  • Debashree Pattanaik,
  • Umesh Chandra Sahoo,
  • Sonik Anto,
  • Soumit Kumar Behera,
  • Jibankumar Singh Khuraijam,
  • Chandra Sekhar Mohanty

摘要

Growing challenges on land and water resources have increased the need for sustainable cultivation systems, making hydroponic cultivation an efficient alternative for producing high quality ornamental crops. Gladiolus grandiflora L., is a commercially important cut flower valued for its diverse colors and long spikes, it often faces constraints in soil-based cultivation due to nutrient imbalance, poor drainage and susceptibility to many fungal diseases like, Fusarium corm rot and Alternaria leaf spot. In this study, the performance of two widely grown and commercially important cultivars of G. grandiflora especially, Yellow Nova Lux and White Prosperity, were evaluated under open field and hydroponic conditions. The study presents a comprehensive assessment of the morphological, physiological, biochemical, anatomical and molecular traits of the cultivar. Hydroponically grown plants flowered earlier, produced more and larger florets and developed bigger corms and more cormels than soil grown plants. Enhanced photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and water use efficiency (WUE) were supported by increased chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Strong antioxidant activity was observed in both cultivars through the 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, with Yellow Nova Lux showing slightly higher radical scavenging potential. Anatomical observations revealed wider vascular bundles, more organized parenchyma tissues and larger stomatal apertures in hydroponically grown plants, indicating improved nutrient transport, storage and gas exchange. Real time analysis further confirmed higher expression of flowering related genes (GgEXPA1, GgERS1a, GgDAD1) and lower expression of senescence associated genes (GgCyP1, SAGs) in hydroponically grown plants, supporting enhanced floral expansion and delayed aging. Overall, hydroponic cultivation significantly improved growth, flowering quality and physiological efficiency, demonstrating its strong potential as a resource efficient and commercially feasible alternative for production of Gladiolus flowers throughout the year. Future studies should focus on farmer participatory trials, integration of renewable energy driven hydroponic systems and advanced molecular mapping to further enhance sustainability and commercial adoption.

Graphical Abstract