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<p>Quinoa (<i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> Willd.) is a climate-resilient superfood with high nutritional value, making it an excellent crop for securing food and nutrition in marginal and stress-prone environments. However, large-scale quinoa production is constrained by severe seed loss at maturity due to seed shattering. Although seed shattering is an adaptive trait for natural dispersal, it significantly reduces harvestable yield and complicates crop management. Despite its agronomic importance, the molecular regulation of seed shattering in quinoa remains poorly understood. Here, we examined the role of the MADS-box transcription factor SHATTERPROOF-like (SHP) in controlling seed shattering in quinoa. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that CqSHP1 is evolutionarily conserved and closely related to AtSHP1 in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>. Organ-specific expression indicates that <i>CqSHP1</i> is primarily expressed in mature panicles and has higher transcript levels in a shattering-prone quinoa genotype than in a less shattering one. Interestingly, expression of downstream genes known to be targeted by were higher in the shattering-prone genotype, suggesting that CqSHP1 functions through lignification. To validate its function, heterologous overexpression of <i>CqSHP1</i> was carried out in Arabidopsis. Overexpression resulted in premature silique opening, enhanced lignification of the valve margin, and increased seed shattering, whereas <i>shp1</i> single and <i>shp1/shp2</i> double mutants demonstrated improved shatter resistance. Quantitative shattering assays confirmed that higher <i>CqSHP1</i> activity is associated with lower shatter resistance. Furthermore, gene expression analyses confirmed that CqSHP1 operates via modulating genes involved in lignification and separation layer development. Together, these findings highlight CqSHP1 as a positive regulator of fruit dehiscence and establish a molecular basis for engineering shatter-resistant quinoa cultivars through targeted genetic approaches.</p>

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The SHATTERPROOF Gene CqSHP1 from Chenopodium quinoa Promotes Seed Shattering in Arabidopsis Through Abscission Zone Lignification

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月9日

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  • Pravesh Kundu,
  • Ritika Rana,
  • Komal Goel,
  • Ayush Kumar,
  • Asha Kiran,
  • Gaurav Zinta

摘要

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a climate-resilient superfood with high nutritional value, making it an excellent crop for securing food and nutrition in marginal and stress-prone environments. However, large-scale quinoa production is constrained by severe seed loss at maturity due to seed shattering. Although seed shattering is an adaptive trait for natural dispersal, it significantly reduces harvestable yield and complicates crop management. Despite its agronomic importance, the molecular regulation of seed shattering in quinoa remains poorly understood. Here, we examined the role of the MADS-box transcription factor SHATTERPROOF-like (SHP) in controlling seed shattering in quinoa. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that CqSHP1 is evolutionarily conserved and closely related to AtSHP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Organ-specific expression indicates that CqSHP1 is primarily expressed in mature panicles and has higher transcript levels in a shattering-prone quinoa genotype than in a less shattering one. Interestingly, expression of downstream genes known to be targeted by were higher in the shattering-prone genotype, suggesting that CqSHP1 functions through lignification. To validate its function, heterologous overexpression of CqSHP1 was carried out in Arabidopsis. Overexpression resulted in premature silique opening, enhanced lignification of the valve margin, and increased seed shattering, whereas shp1 single and shp1/shp2 double mutants demonstrated improved shatter resistance. Quantitative shattering assays confirmed that higher CqSHP1 activity is associated with lower shatter resistance. Furthermore, gene expression analyses confirmed that CqSHP1 operates via modulating genes involved in lignification and separation layer development. Together, these findings highlight CqSHP1 as a positive regulator of fruit dehiscence and establish a molecular basis for engineering shatter-resistant quinoa cultivars through targeted genetic approaches.