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<p>Sugar beet (<i>Beta vulgaris</i> L.) accounts for approximately 30% of global sugar production but suffers severe yield losses from early-spring frosts. This study demonstrates that the co-application of starter fertilizer (SF; N:<i>P</i> = 0.1&#xa0;g:0.6&#xa0;g per pot) and foliar plant growth regulators (PGRs)—specifically 5% fatty acid (FA) or 100 µmol/L melatonin (MT)—significantly enhances cold resilience. Key findings are as follows. Under freezing stress (-6&#xa0;°C), SF + MT reduced seedling mortality from 100% (control) to 45% (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.01), whereas SF + FA conferred intermediate protection. At -4&#xa0;°C, SF + MT markedly increased osmoregulatory levels: free proline increased by 100.4% and soluble protein by 61.4% relative to the control, while electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content were concurrently reduced. Under 4&#xa0;°C chilling stress, MT further amplified antioxidant enzyme capacity, increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities by 46% and 63%, respectively, and effectively suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Field validation confirmed that SF + MT raised root yield by 24% compared to SF alone, whereas sugar content remained stable at 16.2 ± 0.8 Brix across treatments. Physiological profiling (PCA/membership function analysis) identified osmotic adjustment and antioxidant capacity as key traits associated with MT-enhanced cold tolerance. Notably, MT application increased chlorophyll content by 18.7% at 27&#xa0;°C and improved freezing survival, with material inputs constituting less than 5% of production costs. This SF-PGR synergy offers a scalable approach for frost-prone sugar beet regions, increasing root yield by 15–25%.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Physiological and Agronomic Evaluation of Starter Fertilizer and Melatonin Combined to Enhance the Cold Resistance of Sugar Beet Seedlings

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月16日

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  • Minmin He,
  • Shuyang Mei,
  • Gui Geng,
  • Yunhe Liu,
  • Zeyuan Cui,
  • Yao Xu,
  • Jiahui Liu,
  • Yuguang Wang

摘要

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) accounts for approximately 30% of global sugar production but suffers severe yield losses from early-spring frosts. This study demonstrates that the co-application of starter fertilizer (SF; N:P = 0.1 g:0.6 g per pot) and foliar plant growth regulators (PGRs)—specifically 5% fatty acid (FA) or 100 µmol/L melatonin (MT)—significantly enhances cold resilience. Key findings are as follows. Under freezing stress (-6 °C), SF + MT reduced seedling mortality from 100% (control) to 45% (P < 0.01), whereas SF + FA conferred intermediate protection. At -4 °C, SF + MT markedly increased osmoregulatory levels: free proline increased by 100.4% and soluble protein by 61.4% relative to the control, while electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content were concurrently reduced. Under 4 °C chilling stress, MT further amplified antioxidant enzyme capacity, increasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities by 46% and 63%, respectively, and effectively suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Field validation confirmed that SF + MT raised root yield by 24% compared to SF alone, whereas sugar content remained stable at 16.2 ± 0.8 Brix across treatments. Physiological profiling (PCA/membership function analysis) identified osmotic adjustment and antioxidant capacity as key traits associated with MT-enhanced cold tolerance. Notably, MT application increased chlorophyll content by 18.7% at 27 °C and improved freezing survival, with material inputs constituting less than 5% of production costs. This SF-PGR synergy offers a scalable approach for frost-prone sugar beet regions, increasing root yield by 15–25%.

Graphical Abstract