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<p>While nano-fertilizers (NFs) show promise in improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and sustainability when combined with conventional fertilizers, the mechanisms governing nitrogen (N) utilization in wheat under the integrated application of nano-urea (NU) with traditional N sources particularly under field conditions remain insufficiently understood, forming the basis of the present study. The experiment was conducted over two consecutive <i>rabi</i> seasons (2022-24) at New Delhi (India) to evaluate the effect of varying basal nitrogen (N) levels (50–125% of the recommended dose of nitrogen, RDN) in combination with foliar applications of water spray (WS), NU, and neem-coated urea (NCU) on wheat. Growth and yield attributes were assessed as primary responses, followed by analyses of N remobilization and enzyme activities to understand underlying physiological mechanism, while yield and NUE were evaluated as final outcome indicators. Results demonstrated that foliar application of NU stimulated nitrate reductase (NR), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity. Notably, the treatment comprising 100% RDN combined with NU recorded statistically at par result with respect to specific activities of NR (48.54 nmoles nitrate reduced mg⁻¹ protein min⁻¹), GOGAT (19.87 change in OD min⁻¹ g⁻¹ protein) and GDH (20.91 change in OD min⁻¹ g⁻¹ protein) over 125% RDN + WS treatment. The treatments with reduced basal nitrogen (75% RDN + NU) produced grain yields, which were statistically at par with 100% RDN + WS (5.5 and 5.6 t ha⁻¹) during 2022-23 and 2023-24, respectively. Furthermore, grain yields obtained with 100% RDN + NU (5.9 and 6.1 t ha⁻¹) were comparable to those achieved with 125% RDN, irrespective of the type of foliar spray applied. Integrated use of NU with conventional urea also exhibited superior nitrogen remobilization and efficiency indices over conventional urea alone where the agronomic N efficiency was significantly higher with 100% RDN + NU (16.97&#xa0;kg grain increase kg⁻¹ N) over 100% RDN + NCU (14.61&#xa0;kg grain increase kg⁻¹ N). In conclusion, integrating NU with conventional urea enables maintenance of wheat yield and enzyme activity at reduced or recommended N levels while achieving efficiencies comparable to higher N doses. This strategy enhances N remobilization and NUE, offering a sustainable approach to optimize fertilizer use and reduce environmental losses without compromising productivity.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Coordinated Role Of Nano-Urea And Conventional Urea In Wheat: Insights into Nitrogen Remobilization And Enzyme-Mediated Assimilation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月8日

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  • Shashank Patel,
  • Shiva Dhar,
  • Pravin Kumar Upadhyay,
  • Sanjay Singh Rathore,
  • Dibakar Mahanta,
  • Rajiv Kumar Singh,
  • Pranab Kumar Mandal,
  • Rakesh Kumar,
  • Anchal Dass,
  • Aayushi Paliwal,
  • Renu Singh,
  • Gayatri,
  • Harsh Chauhan,
  • Sayantika Sarkar,
  • Suman Dutta,
  • Vinay Upadhyay,
  • Elisa Azura Azman,
  • Ganesh Patel

摘要

While nano-fertilizers (NFs) show promise in improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and sustainability when combined with conventional fertilizers, the mechanisms governing nitrogen (N) utilization in wheat under the integrated application of nano-urea (NU) with traditional N sources particularly under field conditions remain insufficiently understood, forming the basis of the present study. The experiment was conducted over two consecutive rabi seasons (2022-24) at New Delhi (India) to evaluate the effect of varying basal nitrogen (N) levels (50–125% of the recommended dose of nitrogen, RDN) in combination with foliar applications of water spray (WS), NU, and neem-coated urea (NCU) on wheat. Growth and yield attributes were assessed as primary responses, followed by analyses of N remobilization and enzyme activities to understand underlying physiological mechanism, while yield and NUE were evaluated as final outcome indicators. Results demonstrated that foliar application of NU stimulated nitrate reductase (NR), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) activity. Notably, the treatment comprising 100% RDN combined with NU recorded statistically at par result with respect to specific activities of NR (48.54 nmoles nitrate reduced mg⁻¹ protein min⁻¹), GOGAT (19.87 change in OD min⁻¹ g⁻¹ protein) and GDH (20.91 change in OD min⁻¹ g⁻¹ protein) over 125% RDN + WS treatment. The treatments with reduced basal nitrogen (75% RDN + NU) produced grain yields, which were statistically at par with 100% RDN + WS (5.5 and 5.6 t ha⁻¹) during 2022-23 and 2023-24, respectively. Furthermore, grain yields obtained with 100% RDN + NU (5.9 and 6.1 t ha⁻¹) were comparable to those achieved with 125% RDN, irrespective of the type of foliar spray applied. Integrated use of NU with conventional urea also exhibited superior nitrogen remobilization and efficiency indices over conventional urea alone where the agronomic N efficiency was significantly higher with 100% RDN + NU (16.97 kg grain increase kg⁻¹ N) over 100% RDN + NCU (14.61 kg grain increase kg⁻¹ N). In conclusion, integrating NU with conventional urea enables maintenance of wheat yield and enzyme activity at reduced or recommended N levels while achieving efficiencies comparable to higher N doses. This strategy enhances N remobilization and NUE, offering a sustainable approach to optimize fertilizer use and reduce environmental losses without compromising productivity.

Graphical Abstract