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<p>Abscisic acid (ABA) is a pivotal phytohormone that orchestrates plant adaptive responses to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures. Its central role in mediating stomatal closure, osmotic balance, seed dormancy, and stress-responsive gene expression makes it a prime target for agricultural intervention. Small molecules (SMs)—synthetically designed, low-molecular-weight compounds—modulate ABA signaling by acting as agonists or antagonists at PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors. ABA agonists mimic natural ABA by binding these receptors, inhibiting PP2C phosphatases, and activating SnRK2 kinases to elicit stomatal closure, seed dormancy, and enhanced stress tolerance; synthetic agonists such as Quinabactin, Cyanabactin, AM1, and Opabactin typically offer superior stability and receptor selectivity over natural ABA. Conversely, ABA antagonists competitively block receptor binding, suppress downstream signaling, and promote seed germination and stomatal opening under non-stress conditions—properties with distinct agronomic utility. Pyrabactin exhibits a unique dual agonist/antagonist activity dependent on receptor subtype. Key challenges include the growth–defense trade-off, inconsistent field delivery efficiency, and off-target effects. Future priorities centre on structure-guided modulator design, nanotechnology-based delivery systems, and receptor engineering to enable on-demand chemical control of ABA signaling—collectively advancing climate- resilient crop development and global food security.</p>

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Chemical Modulation of Abscisic Acid Signaling by Small Molecules for Climate-Resilient Agriculture

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月26日

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  • Sneha Hajare,
  • Abhishree Ramachandra,
  • Roy Stephen,
  • Radha Beena

摘要

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a pivotal phytohormone that orchestrates plant adaptive responses to abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures. Its central role in mediating stomatal closure, osmotic balance, seed dormancy, and stress-responsive gene expression makes it a prime target for agricultural intervention. Small molecules (SMs)—synthetically designed, low-molecular-weight compounds—modulate ABA signaling by acting as agonists or antagonists at PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors. ABA agonists mimic natural ABA by binding these receptors, inhibiting PP2C phosphatases, and activating SnRK2 kinases to elicit stomatal closure, seed dormancy, and enhanced stress tolerance; synthetic agonists such as Quinabactin, Cyanabactin, AM1, and Opabactin typically offer superior stability and receptor selectivity over natural ABA. Conversely, ABA antagonists competitively block receptor binding, suppress downstream signaling, and promote seed germination and stomatal opening under non-stress conditions—properties with distinct agronomic utility. Pyrabactin exhibits a unique dual agonist/antagonist activity dependent on receptor subtype. Key challenges include the growth–defense trade-off, inconsistent field delivery efficiency, and off-target effects. Future priorities centre on structure-guided modulator design, nanotechnology-based delivery systems, and receptor engineering to enable on-demand chemical control of ABA signaling—collectively advancing climate- resilient crop development and global food security.