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<p>EIL (ethylene-insensitive 3-like) transcription factors are crucial regulators of the ethylene signaling pathway and affect plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, a comprehensive genome-wide characterization and the underlying mechanisms of these factors in pepper (<i>Capsicum annuum</i> L.) remain largely unexplored. In this study, we systematically identified eight <i>CaEIL</i> genes from the <i>C. annuum</i> genome and characterized their physicochemical properties, chromosomal locations, and phylogenetic relationships, revealing both conserved and diverse molecular structures. Moreover, promoter analysis of these <i>CaEIL</i> genes revealed various <i>cis</i>-regulatory elements involved in hormone signaling, stress responses, and tissue-specific regulation, with each gene displaying unique distribution patterns. Among the <i>CaEIL</i> promoters, <i>CaEIL5</i> exhibited the most diverse combination of hormone-responsive and developmental elements, whereas other promoters were specifically enriched in elements related to anaerobic conditions, low temperature, circadian rhythms, or meristem activity. In addition, distinct expression patterns were observed, with <i>CaEIL1, CaEIL3, CaEIL4, CaEIL6, CaEIL7,</i> and <i>CaEIL8</i> responding to indole-3-acetic acid during the seedling stage. Additionally, <i>CaEIL1, CaEIL4, CaEIL6, CaEIL7,</i> and <i>CaEIL8</i> were expressed predominantly in floral organs. Notably, <i>CaEIL5</i> and <i>CaEIL9</i> were expressed in fruits and were sensitive to gibberellin and ethylene. These findings provide a theoretical basis for further exploration of the roles of the EIL family members in pepper fruit ripening and <i>CaEIL</i>-mediated stress responses and provide an essential reference for constructing an ethylene signaling regulatory network in peppers.</p>

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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the EIL Transcription Factor Family in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月21日

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  • Jiaya Chen,
  • Zhixin He,
  • Mengting Chen,
  • Yuhong Li,
  • Yuqian Xiao,
  • Lincheng Zhang

摘要

EIL (ethylene-insensitive 3-like) transcription factors are crucial regulators of the ethylene signaling pathway and affect plant growth, development, and stress responses. However, a comprehensive genome-wide characterization and the underlying mechanisms of these factors in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) remain largely unexplored. In this study, we systematically identified eight CaEIL genes from the C. annuum genome and characterized their physicochemical properties, chromosomal locations, and phylogenetic relationships, revealing both conserved and diverse molecular structures. Moreover, promoter analysis of these CaEIL genes revealed various cis-regulatory elements involved in hormone signaling, stress responses, and tissue-specific regulation, with each gene displaying unique distribution patterns. Among the CaEIL promoters, CaEIL5 exhibited the most diverse combination of hormone-responsive and developmental elements, whereas other promoters were specifically enriched in elements related to anaerobic conditions, low temperature, circadian rhythms, or meristem activity. In addition, distinct expression patterns were observed, with CaEIL1, CaEIL3, CaEIL4, CaEIL6, CaEIL7, and CaEIL8 responding to indole-3-acetic acid during the seedling stage. Additionally, CaEIL1, CaEIL4, CaEIL6, CaEIL7, and CaEIL8 were expressed predominantly in floral organs. Notably, CaEIL5 and CaEIL9 were expressed in fruits and were sensitive to gibberellin and ethylene. These findings provide a theoretical basis for further exploration of the roles of the EIL family members in pepper fruit ripening and CaEIL-mediated stress responses and provide an essential reference for constructing an ethylene signaling regulatory network in peppers.