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<p>Potassium (K) is an essential macronutrient that supports plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. However, low soil K is widespread and can sharply reduce crop yields worldwide. To cope with the K shortage, plants rely on coordinated responses, and plant hormones play a central role in organizing these adjustments. This article describes how major hormones (including auxin, ethylene, jasmonic acid, gibberellin, and abscisic acid) change in synthesis and signaling when plants experience K deprivation. We focus on how hormone-driven pathways, often functioning through complex crosstalk and shared signaling hubs (such as ROS and calcium signals), regulate K⁺ uptake systems, such as the High-Affinity K⁺ transporter 5 (HAK5), through gene regulatory cascades, including hormone-responsive transcription factors, kinases, and other secondary messengers. We also explain how these signals reshape root growth patterns to increase soil exploration and improve K acquisition. By synthesizing findings across various species, we highlight that while core mechanisms are often conserved in the model plant <i>Arabidopsis</i>, hormonal responses exhibit significant dynamic diversity across major crops like rice and maize. By bringing together evidence on hormone interactions and nutrient sensing, this paper clarifies the key physiological and molecular processes that enable plants to tolerate K starvation and highlights opportunities to breed crops with improved potassium use efficiency.</p>

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Research Progress on the Synthesis, Signal Transduction, and Functions of Plant Hormones in Potassium Deficiency Responses

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Liu-Yang Wu,
  • Shuai-Kun Wang,
  • Hai-Nan Liu,
  • Mao-Song Pei,
  • Qiao-Fang Shi,
  • Da-Long Guo,
  • Tong-Lu Wei

摘要

Potassium (K) is an essential macronutrient that supports plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. However, low soil K is widespread and can sharply reduce crop yields worldwide. To cope with the K shortage, plants rely on coordinated responses, and plant hormones play a central role in organizing these adjustments. This article describes how major hormones (including auxin, ethylene, jasmonic acid, gibberellin, and abscisic acid) change in synthesis and signaling when plants experience K deprivation. We focus on how hormone-driven pathways, often functioning through complex crosstalk and shared signaling hubs (such as ROS and calcium signals), regulate K⁺ uptake systems, such as the High-Affinity K⁺ transporter 5 (HAK5), through gene regulatory cascades, including hormone-responsive transcription factors, kinases, and other secondary messengers. We also explain how these signals reshape root growth patterns to increase soil exploration and improve K acquisition. By synthesizing findings across various species, we highlight that while core mechanisms are often conserved in the model plant Arabidopsis, hormonal responses exhibit significant dynamic diversity across major crops like rice and maize. By bringing together evidence on hormone interactions and nutrient sensing, this paper clarifies the key physiological and molecular processes that enable plants to tolerate K starvation and highlights opportunities to breed crops with improved potassium use efficiency.