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<p>Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) is a globally important food crop, yet potassium (K⁺) deficiency severely impairs its growth and productivity. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a non-protein amino acid, regulates plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance; however, its involvement in rice responses to K⁺ limitation remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated how endogenous GABA modulates rice adaptation to K⁺ deficiency using wild-type Nipponbare (WT), GABA-overproducing lines (<i>gad3-ox1</i> and <i>gad3-ox2</i>), and a GABA-deficient mutant (<i>gad1/3-ko</i>). Under low- K⁺ and K⁺-deficient conditions, <i>gad3-ox1</i> and <i>gad3-ox2</i> lines exhibited superior growth performance, higher root activity, enhanced photosynthetic capacity and increased activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) compared with WT, whereas <i>gad1/3-ko</i> displayed impaired growth and heightened stress sensitivity. The GABA-overproducing lines also accumulated higher levels of GABA and proline but lower levels of reactive oxygen species (O₂·⁻ and H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), and relative electrical conductivity, indicating reduced oxidative damage. These results suggest that elevated endogenous GABA improves rice tolerance to K⁺ limitation by enhancing root activity, maintaining photosynthetic capacity, and strengthening antioxidant defense. This study provides valuable insights into the physiological role of GABA in nutrient stress adaptation and offers a theoretical basis for utilizing GABA to improve rice resilience under K⁺ -limited conditions.</p>

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γ-Aminobutyric Acid Positively Regulates Rice Response to Potassium Limitation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月19日

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  • Zihan Xu,
  • Changjie Wang,
  • Ziling Wei,
  • Xi Wang,
  • Tong Wang,
  • Na Yang,
  • Changhua Zhu,
  • Lijun Gan

摘要

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a globally important food crop, yet potassium (K⁺) deficiency severely impairs its growth and productivity. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a non-protein amino acid, regulates plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance; however, its involvement in rice responses to K⁺ limitation remains unexplored. In this study, we investigated how endogenous GABA modulates rice adaptation to K⁺ deficiency using wild-type Nipponbare (WT), GABA-overproducing lines (gad3-ox1 and gad3-ox2), and a GABA-deficient mutant (gad1/3-ko). Under low- K⁺ and K⁺-deficient conditions, gad3-ox1 and gad3-ox2 lines exhibited superior growth performance, higher root activity, enhanced photosynthetic capacity and increased activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) compared with WT, whereas gad1/3-ko displayed impaired growth and heightened stress sensitivity. The GABA-overproducing lines also accumulated higher levels of GABA and proline but lower levels of reactive oxygen species (O₂·⁻ and H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), and relative electrical conductivity, indicating reduced oxidative damage. These results suggest that elevated endogenous GABA improves rice tolerance to K⁺ limitation by enhancing root activity, maintaining photosynthetic capacity, and strengthening antioxidant defense. This study provides valuable insights into the physiological role of GABA in nutrient stress adaptation and offers a theoretical basis for utilizing GABA to improve rice resilience under K⁺ -limited conditions.