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<p>Enrofloxacin (ENR), as a commonly used veterinary drug, is widely retained in farmland and grassland ecosystems. Freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) and cadmium (Cd) pollution are two ecological stresses that typically coexist in high-latitude and high-altitude areas. High-altitude plants are particularly vulnerable to these stresses because of their sensitive physiological adaptations. In this study, rye (<i>Secale cereale L.)</i> seedlings were exposed to Cd (30&#xa0;mg/L) and two concentrations of ENR (10&#xa0;mg/L and 30&#xa0;mg/L), both individually and in combination with Cd, under (FTC). Our results disclose that Cd and ENR have more toxic effect in combination than individually, these stresses effect photosynthetic system in Cold environments, resulting in increased relative conductivity (RC), glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, Phytochelatins (PCs), soluble sugars (SS), reduced glutathione (GSH), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities. Notably, combined stress resulted in significant increases of 53.09%, 19.36% in H₂O₂ and NPT contents, respectively, the Cd + L.ENR (low concentration of ENR) and Cd + H.ENR (high concentration of ENR) combined treatments resulted in the most significant decrease of Pn (49.51% and 60.84%), Tr (47.94% and 69.33%), while increases Ci by 9.8% and 18.8%, respectively. Molecular docking analysis showed that Cd and ENR interact with the active sites of POD, SOD, and APX via hydrogen bonding, thereby altering enzyme activity and disrupting crop growth. IBR analysis further exposed that FTC was the primary factor contributing to significant ecotoxicity. This research provides new perspectives on how Cd and ENR contamination influence agroecosystem health in regions subjected to FTC.</p>

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Freeze–Thaw Cycles Aggravate Cadmium and Enrofloxacin Stress, Altering Growth Regulation in Rye (Secale Cereale L.) Seedlings

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月16日

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  • Shoujat Ali,
  • Guozhang Bao,
  • Khalid Bashir,
  • Jinke Hu,
  • Yue Yuan,
  • Lan Bao,
  • Sana Shireen

摘要

Enrofloxacin (ENR), as a commonly used veterinary drug, is widely retained in farmland and grassland ecosystems. Freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) and cadmium (Cd) pollution are two ecological stresses that typically coexist in high-latitude and high-altitude areas. High-altitude plants are particularly vulnerable to these stresses because of their sensitive physiological adaptations. In this study, rye (Secale cereale L.) seedlings were exposed to Cd (30 mg/L) and two concentrations of ENR (10 mg/L and 30 mg/L), both individually and in combination with Cd, under (FTC). Our results disclose that Cd and ENR have more toxic effect in combination than individually, these stresses effect photosynthetic system in Cold environments, resulting in increased relative conductivity (RC), glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, Phytochelatins (PCs), soluble sugars (SS), reduced glutathione (GSH), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities. Notably, combined stress resulted in significant increases of 53.09%, 19.36% in H₂O₂ and NPT contents, respectively, the Cd + L.ENR (low concentration of ENR) and Cd + H.ENR (high concentration of ENR) combined treatments resulted in the most significant decrease of Pn (49.51% and 60.84%), Tr (47.94% and 69.33%), while increases Ci by 9.8% and 18.8%, respectively. Molecular docking analysis showed that Cd and ENR interact with the active sites of POD, SOD, and APX via hydrogen bonding, thereby altering enzyme activity and disrupting crop growth. IBR analysis further exposed that FTC was the primary factor contributing to significant ecotoxicity. This research provides new perspectives on how Cd and ENR contamination influence agroecosystem health in regions subjected to FTC.