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<p>Waterlogging is a major abiotic stress that severely restricts plant growth and crop productivity by creating hypoxic conditions in the root zone, thereby disrupting physiological and biochemical processes. Plants exposed to waterlogging exhibit significant alterations in morphology, anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry, often resulting in yield reduction. To address the challenges posed by waterlogging stress, exogenous application of chemicals has emerged as an effective strategy to enhance plant resilience. Exogenous application of chemical agents—either prior to or following stress exposure—includes a wide range of compounds such as phytohormones (e.g., ethylene, gibberellins, salicylic acid, melatonin, methyl jasmonate, auxins, cytokinins, and brassinosteroids), signaling molecules (e.g., hydrogen sulfide, nitric oxide, calcium, γ-aminobutyric acid, and hydrogen peroxide), as well as some other chemicals (sodium azide, potassium nitrate, urea, riboflavin, 5-aminolevulinic acid). These agents enhance stress tolerance by modulating antioxidant defense systems, improving root system architecture, maintaining cellular homeostasis, and promoting a range of physiological and molecular adaptive responses. This review summarizes the roles of various exogenously applied chemical agents, including phytohormones, signaling molecules, and other compounds, in mitigating waterlogging stress and explores the underlying mechanisms that enhance plant tolerance and adaptation to waterlogged conditions.</p>

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Waterlogging Mitigation in Plants Through Exogenous Application of Chemical Agents

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月2日

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  • Diksha Bagal,
  • Sonal Mishra,
  • Vikas Srivastava

摘要

Waterlogging is a major abiotic stress that severely restricts plant growth and crop productivity by creating hypoxic conditions in the root zone, thereby disrupting physiological and biochemical processes. Plants exposed to waterlogging exhibit significant alterations in morphology, anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry, often resulting in yield reduction. To address the challenges posed by waterlogging stress, exogenous application of chemicals has emerged as an effective strategy to enhance plant resilience. Exogenous application of chemical agents—either prior to or following stress exposure—includes a wide range of compounds such as phytohormones (e.g., ethylene, gibberellins, salicylic acid, melatonin, methyl jasmonate, auxins, cytokinins, and brassinosteroids), signaling molecules (e.g., hydrogen sulfide, nitric oxide, calcium, γ-aminobutyric acid, and hydrogen peroxide), as well as some other chemicals (sodium azide, potassium nitrate, urea, riboflavin, 5-aminolevulinic acid). These agents enhance stress tolerance by modulating antioxidant defense systems, improving root system architecture, maintaining cellular homeostasis, and promoting a range of physiological and molecular adaptive responses. This review summarizes the roles of various exogenously applied chemical agents, including phytohormones, signaling molecules, and other compounds, in mitigating waterlogging stress and explores the underlying mechanisms that enhance plant tolerance and adaptation to waterlogged conditions.