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<p>Salt stress impairs crop productivity by inducing osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and oxidative damage, disrupting hormonal signaling and physiological performance. A factorial experiment was laid out to evaluate the effects of three salinity levels (0, 6, and 12 dS m⁻¹) and five biochar treatments (non-biochar, solid biochar, nano-silicon-enriched biochar, nano-calcium-enriched biochar, and combination of nano-silicon and nano-calcium biochar) on safflower (<i>Carthamus tinctorius</i> L.) performance. High salinity increased sodium (Na) uptake, H⁺-ATPase activity, and stress hormones [abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA)], while decreased potassium (K) content and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Biochar treatments, particularly nanoparticle-enriched variants, mitigated these effects by enhancing soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and K availability, and decreasing sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). This enhanced K uptake, reduced oxidative stress (measured by ORAC and DPPH assays), and improved photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm and RETR). The Si + Ca enriched biochar was most effective in reducing stress hormones by up to 38% and increasing IAA by 45% under high salinity (12 dS m⁻¹), leading to a 21% biomass increase, compared to untreated plants. These findings highlighted the importance of nanoparticle-enriched biochars as sustainable soil amendments for enhancing crop resilience in saline environments by optimizing hormonal signaling and physiological performance.</p>

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Nano-Enriched Biochars Improved Salt Tolerance and Growth of Safflower Plants via Nutrient Availability and Hormonal Signaling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月29日

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  • Kazem Ghassemi-Golezani,
  • Seyyed Amirreza Mousavi,
  • Salar Farhangi-Abriz

摘要

Salt stress impairs crop productivity by inducing osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and oxidative damage, disrupting hormonal signaling and physiological performance. A factorial experiment was laid out to evaluate the effects of three salinity levels (0, 6, and 12 dS m⁻¹) and five biochar treatments (non-biochar, solid biochar, nano-silicon-enriched biochar, nano-calcium-enriched biochar, and combination of nano-silicon and nano-calcium biochar) on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) performance. High salinity increased sodium (Na) uptake, H⁺-ATPase activity, and stress hormones [abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA)], while decreased potassium (K) content and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Biochar treatments, particularly nanoparticle-enriched variants, mitigated these effects by enhancing soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and K availability, and decreasing sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). This enhanced K uptake, reduced oxidative stress (measured by ORAC and DPPH assays), and improved photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm and RETR). The Si + Ca enriched biochar was most effective in reducing stress hormones by up to 38% and increasing IAA by 45% under high salinity (12 dS m⁻¹), leading to a 21% biomass increase, compared to untreated plants. These findings highlighted the importance of nanoparticle-enriched biochars as sustainable soil amendments for enhancing crop resilience in saline environments by optimizing hormonal signaling and physiological performance.