<p>Nutrients are vital for the growth and development of plants and other living organisms. Among essential micronutrients, molybdenum (Mo) and chlorine (Cl⁻) are recognized for their important roles in plants. Mo plays a central role in various plant enzymes related to Earth’s nitrogen, sulphur, and carbon cycles. Similarly, Cl⁻ is crucial in photosynthesis and cell division. It is essential for the proper development and expansion of roots and leaves. Both micronutrients are naturally available in soil from specific mineral sources, while atmospheric deposition and external application have been observed to enhance their availability. Plants absorb Mo and Cl⁻ through roots via specific transporters, and foliar absorption occurs through stomata and epidermal cells. Whereas Cl⁻ can also enter roots through passive transport. Although both micronutrients are individually significant, few studies are available to explain their uptake, transport, and internalization in plants (especially for Cl⁻). There are also comparatively less studies available that have been conducted to understand their physiological, molecular, and genetic role in plant life. In this context, the present review aimed to deliberate the detailed mechanisms behind the uptake, translocation, internalization, and compartmentalization of Mo and Cl⁻, addressing issues related to deficiency and toxicity. Additionally, this article explores how both micronutrients influence physiological, molecular, and genetic regulatory mechanisms in plants, providing comprehensive insights into their functions. Therefore, this review seeks to highlight the existing research gap on the micronutrients Mo and Cl⁻, as the present literature on these two elements are inadequate. This will be helpful for future research directions for promoting sustainable agricultural development.</p>