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<p>Fragrant rice is valued for its unique 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP)-derived aroma, while yield stability and antioxidant capacity are critical agronomic traits. Azelaic acid (AzA), a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid, has been shown to regulate plant secondary metabolism and stress responses, but its specific role in modulating 2-AP biosynthesis, grain yield formation, and antioxidant defense systems in fragrant rice remains unclear. In this study, four treatments with different concentrations of AzA were applied to the fragrant rice varieties Meixiangzhan and Yuxiangyouzhan, including 0&#xa0;mM (CK), 1&#xa0;mM (T1), 5&#xa0;mM (T2), and 10&#xa0;mM (T3). The results revealed that treatment with 5&#xa0;mM AzA significantly increased the 2-AP content in mature grains by 5.49% and 30.14%, whereas 10&#xa0;mM AzA significantly decreased it by 2.70% and 20.55% (Yuxiangyouzhan and Meixiangzhan, respectively). Furthermore, treatment with 1–5&#xa0;mM AzA increased the antioxidant enzyme activity and soluble protein content, reduced the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and thus strengthened the antioxidant capacity of the plants. In contrast, at 14 dAS and MS, treatment with 10&#xa0;mM AzA increased the expression of oxidative stress biomarkers and diminished the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In terms of yield, treatment with 5&#xa0;mM AzA significantly improved the setting percentage and yield. In summary, appropriate concentrations of AzA (1–5&#xa0;mM) could increase the content of 2-AP and the antioxidant capacity of fragrant rice and increase yield, whereas excessively high concentrations (10&#xa0;mM) might have negative effects.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Effects of Exogenous Azelaic Acid (AzA) Application on 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline (2AP) Content, the Antioxidant Defense System, and Yield in Fragrant Rice

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月19日

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  • Qingqing Li,
  • Hui Hu,
  • Xuexue Wang,
  • Fanglin Liu,
  • Mingruo Sun,
  • Yong Ren,
  • Xianjin Qiu

摘要

Fragrant rice is valued for its unique 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP)-derived aroma, while yield stability and antioxidant capacity are critical agronomic traits. Azelaic acid (AzA), a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid, has been shown to regulate plant secondary metabolism and stress responses, but its specific role in modulating 2-AP biosynthesis, grain yield formation, and antioxidant defense systems in fragrant rice remains unclear. In this study, four treatments with different concentrations of AzA were applied to the fragrant rice varieties Meixiangzhan and Yuxiangyouzhan, including 0 mM (CK), 1 mM (T1), 5 mM (T2), and 10 mM (T3). The results revealed that treatment with 5 mM AzA significantly increased the 2-AP content in mature grains by 5.49% and 30.14%, whereas 10 mM AzA significantly decreased it by 2.70% and 20.55% (Yuxiangyouzhan and Meixiangzhan, respectively). Furthermore, treatment with 1–5 mM AzA increased the antioxidant enzyme activity and soluble protein content, reduced the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and thus strengthened the antioxidant capacity of the plants. In contrast, at 14 dAS and MS, treatment with 10 mM AzA increased the expression of oxidative stress biomarkers and diminished the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In terms of yield, treatment with 5 mM AzA significantly improved the setting percentage and yield. In summary, appropriate concentrations of AzA (1–5 mM) could increase the content of 2-AP and the antioxidant capacity of fragrant rice and increase yield, whereas excessively high concentrations (10 mM) might have negative effects.

Graphical Abstract