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<p>The influence of global climate change on agricultural output is substantial and increasing in tropical and temperate regions. Recent events in global climate change, such as increases in temperature, have negatively impacted not only plant growth but also plant immunity to pathogens. The emergence of novel pathotypes or modifications in host specificity due to climate change has emerged as a future threat to sustainable agriculture. Plants possess a highly evolved immune system to effectively address pathogens and prevent their invasion, viz. effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Salicylic acid (SA) is considered the main hormone of the plant immune system because it provides durable and long-lasting immunity against diverse pathogens. JA also plays a significant role in the plant immune system against necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Additionally, ethylene (ET), an important plant hormone, has multiple functions in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. This review highlights the roles of SA, JA, and ET and their regulation and biosynthesis during plant‒pathogen interactions. We further discuss the impact of rising temperatures on host specificity and pathogen evolution. Finally, we highlight recent advances in plant‒pathogen interactions by focusing on the involvement of plant defense signaling pathways in mediating plant immunity under elevated temperatures and how to translate hormone-regulated plant defense strategies for developing climate-resilient crops in the postgenomic era.</p>

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Plant Defense Hormones: Thermoregulation and Their Role in Plant Adaptive Immunity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月15日

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  • Zahoor Ahmad Mir,
  • Sajad Ali,
  • Subaya Manzoor,
  • Divya Sharma,
  • Deepak Sharma,
  • Anshika Tyagi,
  • Ab Waheed Wani,
  • Sundeep Kumar,
  • Belay T. Ayele

摘要

The influence of global climate change on agricultural output is substantial and increasing in tropical and temperate regions. Recent events in global climate change, such as increases in temperature, have negatively impacted not only plant growth but also plant immunity to pathogens. The emergence of novel pathotypes or modifications in host specificity due to climate change has emerged as a future threat to sustainable agriculture. Plants possess a highly evolved immune system to effectively address pathogens and prevent their invasion, viz. effector-triggered immunity (ETI) and pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Salicylic acid (SA) is considered the main hormone of the plant immune system because it provides durable and long-lasting immunity against diverse pathogens. JA also plays a significant role in the plant immune system against necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Additionally, ethylene (ET), an important plant hormone, has multiple functions in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. This review highlights the roles of SA, JA, and ET and their regulation and biosynthesis during plant‒pathogen interactions. We further discuss the impact of rising temperatures on host specificity and pathogen evolution. Finally, we highlight recent advances in plant‒pathogen interactions by focusing on the involvement of plant defense signaling pathways in mediating plant immunity under elevated temperatures and how to translate hormone-regulated plant defense strategies for developing climate-resilient crops in the postgenomic era.