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<p>Coral reefs are increasingly degraded due to anthropogenic disturbance and climate change, transforming them into structurally unstable rubble fields that impede natural recovery and resilience. Under these conditions, the likelihood of coral reef natural recovery declines significantly in the absence of human intervention. In 2017, we launched a restoration project by introducing 8 t of natural volcanic rock into a rubble field near Wuzhizhou Island, Sanya, Hainan Island, China. Comprehensive surveys were conducted in 2019 and 2023 to assess the long-term impacts of this intervention and verify the effectiveness of volcanic rocks in rubble field restoration. By 2023, the coral cover had increased to 27.4% in the restoration area, compared to just 10.2% in the control area. Additionally, the recruitment density of juvenile corals reached 8.33 inds./m<sup>2</sup>, which was nearly 7 inds./m<sup>2</sup> higher than in the control area. The restoration area supported 28 fish species in density of 135.37 inds./100 m<sup>2</sup>, while the control area supported only 9 fish species in density of 20.5 inds./100 m<sup>2</sup>. Similarly, macroinvertebrate density was higher in the restoration area (0.59 inds./m<sup>2</sup>) than in the control area (0.29 inds./m<sup>2</sup>). These findings suggest that volcanic rocks offer an effective in situ substrate for coral larvae recruitment, enhancing the habitat structural complexity of rubble fields and promoting the aggregation of fish and macroinvertebrates.</p>

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From rubble to reef: ecological transformation in volcanic rock-assisted coral restoration

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • Xiangbo Liu,
  • Ruimei Chen,
  • Xiaoyu Lin,
  • He Zhao,
  • Junling Zhang,
  • Wentao Zhu,
  • Yinyin Zhou,
  • Aimin Wang,
  • Xiubao Li

摘要

Coral reefs are increasingly degraded due to anthropogenic disturbance and climate change, transforming them into structurally unstable rubble fields that impede natural recovery and resilience. Under these conditions, the likelihood of coral reef natural recovery declines significantly in the absence of human intervention. In 2017, we launched a restoration project by introducing 8 t of natural volcanic rock into a rubble field near Wuzhizhou Island, Sanya, Hainan Island, China. Comprehensive surveys were conducted in 2019 and 2023 to assess the long-term impacts of this intervention and verify the effectiveness of volcanic rocks in rubble field restoration. By 2023, the coral cover had increased to 27.4% in the restoration area, compared to just 10.2% in the control area. Additionally, the recruitment density of juvenile corals reached 8.33 inds./m2, which was nearly 7 inds./m2 higher than in the control area. The restoration area supported 28 fish species in density of 135.37 inds./100 m2, while the control area supported only 9 fish species in density of 20.5 inds./100 m2. Similarly, macroinvertebrate density was higher in the restoration area (0.59 inds./m2) than in the control area (0.29 inds./m2). These findings suggest that volcanic rocks offer an effective in situ substrate for coral larvae recruitment, enhancing the habitat structural complexity of rubble fields and promoting the aggregation of fish and macroinvertebrates.