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<p>Unusual characteristics of graphene as a tunable and nonlinear 2D material embedded in a novel voltage-controlled electromechanical design of the metasurface is implemented to achieve effective tunable third harmonic generation (THG) in the terahertz (THz) regime. This approach offers certain advantages over conventional methods based on tuning the Fermi energy of graphene via electrical or chemical doping, such as a broader tuning range and post-fabrication reconfigurability. We introduce mechanical tunability through a suspended graphene sheet placed over an oxide grating on a gold substrate. Applying a low voltage in the range of <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(1{-}5\:\text{V}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> between the graphene and gold layers induces mechanical bending of the graphene, resulting in a tunable shift in the resonance frequency. Simulations exhibit a continuous fundamental frequency (FF) shift of <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(2.9\:\text{T}\text{H}\text{z}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with only a <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:5\:\text{V}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> potential, enabling a dynamic control of the THG output without modifying the metasurface structure. This compact and efficient platform holds promise for tunable THz sources in spectroscopy and imaging applications.</p>

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Electromechanically tunable third-harmonic generation at THz frequencies using nonlinear graphene metasurface

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月8日

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  • Mitali Sahu,
  • Partha Roy Chaudhuri

摘要

Unusual characteristics of graphene as a tunable and nonlinear 2D material embedded in a novel voltage-controlled electromechanical design of the metasurface is implemented to achieve effective tunable third harmonic generation (THG) in the terahertz (THz) regime. This approach offers certain advantages over conventional methods based on tuning the Fermi energy of graphene via electrical or chemical doping, such as a broader tuning range and post-fabrication reconfigurability. We introduce mechanical tunability through a suspended graphene sheet placed over an oxide grating on a gold substrate. Applying a low voltage in the range of \(1{-}5\:\text{V}\) between the graphene and gold layers induces mechanical bending of the graphene, resulting in a tunable shift in the resonance frequency. Simulations exhibit a continuous fundamental frequency (FF) shift of \(2.9\:\text{T}\text{H}\text{z}\) with only a \(\:5\:\text{V}\) potential, enabling a dynamic control of the THG output without modifying the metasurface structure. This compact and efficient platform holds promise for tunable THz sources in spectroscopy and imaging applications.