<p>We investigate the momentum distributions of <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8479_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="29" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textrm{H}}_{4}^{3+}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> molecular ions by numerically solving the two-dimensional (2D) time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE). For <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8479_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="21" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="29" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textrm{H}}_{4}^{3+}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>3</mn> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, the ground state <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8479_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="19" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A'\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>A</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, current-carrying states <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8479_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textrm{E}}^{+}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mtext>E</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8479_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="24" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textrm{E}}^{-}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mtext>E</mtext> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> are considered. The results show that the photoelectron momentum distributions (PMDs) of different initial states are all caused by multi-center interference in the single-photon ionization process. The number of lobes of PMDs is also explained by the ultra-fast ionization model. However, in the right-rotating (<InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8479_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="13" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="14" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(+\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mo>+</mo> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) circularly polarized (CP) laser field, the intensity of PMDs with <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8479_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textrm{E}}^{+}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mtext>E</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> state is significantly higher than that with <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8479_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="24" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textrm{E}}^{-}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mtext>E</mtext> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> state, which can be attributed to the fact that the laser pulses with different rotations can produce selective state-state transitions. In addition, the difference in the intensity of PMDs in the current-carrying states <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8479_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="22" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textrm{E}}^{+}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mtext>E</mtext> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="340_2025_8479_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="17" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="24" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\textrm{E}}^{-}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mrow> <mtext>E</mtext> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> can be well explained by the time evolution of the electron wave packet. These findings provide new insight for future studies in the dynamics of current-carrying states in ring molecules.</p>

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Momentum distribution of the current-carrying states from ring molecules H3+4in ultraviolent laser fields

  • Xinyu Hao,
  • Shujuan Yan,
  • Ying Guo,
  • Siqi Zhang,
  • GenLiang Li,
  • XiangYi Luo,
  • Jing Guo

摘要

We investigate the momentum distributions of \({\textrm{H}}_{4}^{3+}\) H 4 3 + molecular ions by numerically solving the two-dimensional (2D) time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE). For \({\textrm{H}}_{4}^{3+}\) H 4 3 + , the ground state \(A'\) A , current-carrying states \({\textrm{E}}^{+}\) E + and \({\textrm{E}}^{-}\) E - are considered. The results show that the photoelectron momentum distributions (PMDs) of different initial states are all caused by multi-center interference in the single-photon ionization process. The number of lobes of PMDs is also explained by the ultra-fast ionization model. However, in the right-rotating ( \(+\) + ) circularly polarized (CP) laser field, the intensity of PMDs with \({\textrm{E}}^{+}\) E + state is significantly higher than that with \({\textrm{E}}^{-}\) E - state, which can be attributed to the fact that the laser pulses with different rotations can produce selective state-state transitions. In addition, the difference in the intensity of PMDs in the current-carrying states \({\textrm{E}}^{+}\) E + and \({\textrm{E}}^{-}\) E - can be well explained by the time evolution of the electron wave packet. These findings provide new insight for future studies in the dynamics of current-carrying states in ring molecules.