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<p>The synthesis route plays a crucial role in tailoring the structural and functional properties of nanomaterials. In this study, the influence of different synthesis methods on the structural, morphological, optical, and electrochemical properties of cobalt oxide was systematically investigated. Cobalt oxide (Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) nanoparticles were synthesized using three distinct approaches: sol–gel auto-combustion (CSG), co-precipitation (CCP), and hydrothermal (CHT) routes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of phase-pure Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> in all samples. The crystallite size, estimated using the Debye–Scherrer equation and Williamson–Hall (W–H) analysis, revealed that the CCP sample possessed the smallest crystallite size (~ 19&#xa0;nm). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy identified characteristic vibrational modes, further confirming the spinel structure of cobalt oxide. FESEM images showed nanoscale grains in the range of 27–58&#xa0;nm, with distinct morphological variations highlighting the strong influence of the synthesis route on particle growth. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis verified the elemental composition along with uniform elemental distribution. UV–Vis spectroscopy indicated a reduced optical band gap for the CCP sample. Electrochemical measurements carried out in a three-electrode configuration using 6&#xa0;M KOH electrolyte demonstrated superior capacitive performance of the CCP electrode, delivering a high specific capacitance of 872&#xa0;F g⁻¹ at 5 mV s⁻¹, along with an energy density of 14.72 Wh kg⁻¹ and a power density of 825&#xa0;W kg⁻¹.</p>

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Effect of synthesis routes on structural, optical, and electrochemical properties of Co3O4 nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Sharika Afreen,
  • Daud Ahmad Ansari,
  • Sandeep Arya,
  • Wasi Khan,
  • Shahid Husain

摘要

The synthesis route plays a crucial role in tailoring the structural and functional properties of nanomaterials. In this study, the influence of different synthesis methods on the structural, morphological, optical, and electrochemical properties of cobalt oxide was systematically investigated. Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles were synthesized using three distinct approaches: sol–gel auto-combustion (CSG), co-precipitation (CCP), and hydrothermal (CHT) routes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of phase-pure Co3O4 in all samples. The crystallite size, estimated using the Debye–Scherrer equation and Williamson–Hall (W–H) analysis, revealed that the CCP sample possessed the smallest crystallite size (~ 19 nm). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy identified characteristic vibrational modes, further confirming the spinel structure of cobalt oxide. FESEM images showed nanoscale grains in the range of 27–58 nm, with distinct morphological variations highlighting the strong influence of the synthesis route on particle growth. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis verified the elemental composition along with uniform elemental distribution. UV–Vis spectroscopy indicated a reduced optical band gap for the CCP sample. Electrochemical measurements carried out in a three-electrode configuration using 6 M KOH electrolyte demonstrated superior capacitive performance of the CCP electrode, delivering a high specific capacitance of 872 F g⁻¹ at 5 mV s⁻¹, along with an energy density of 14.72 Wh kg⁻¹ and a power density of 825 W kg⁻¹.