<p>Recently, two-dimensional (2D) lead-free halide perovskites Cs<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub> × <sub>9</sub> have attracted great attention due to their unique quantum confinement and (easy) tunable compositions. In the present work, all-inorganic, 2D lead-free halide perovskite materials Cs<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub> × <sub>9</sub> and their mixed halides are investigated using density functional theory (DFT) for solar cell and other optoelectronic applications. The 2D lattice has a trigonal P3̅m1 symmetry, where the 2D layers corner-sharing octahedral [BiBr<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> are separated by 1D Cs layers. The calculated structural parameters, such as bond lengths, bond angles, and lattice constants, are consistent with the experimental results. These materials have direct band gaps and the calculated values lie mostly in the visible range (2.20–3.24&#xa0;eV) of electromagnetic spectrum. The values of dielectric constant and refractive index decrease with increasing band gaps from Cs<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>I<sub>9</sub> to Cs<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>. Cs<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>I<sub>9</sub> has the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20%, quantum efficiency (QE) of ~ 85%, and current density (J) of 14&#xa0;mA/cm², because of its smaller band gap. The incorporation of light anions (I to Br) makes the band gap wider and lowers light absorption, current density, voltage, and overall efficiency. The mixed halide Cs<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>I<sub>6</sub>Br<sub>3</sub> gives an excellent balance among all other doped compounds in these properties, but has reduced efficiency than pure iodine-based compound due to a wider band gap and lower light absorption. The computed ground state characteristics of Cs<sub>3</sub>Bi<sub>2</sub>(X<sub>1−u</sub>Y<sub>u</sub>)<sub>9</sub> (X/Y = I, Br, Cl; u = 0, 1/3, 2/3/ 1) demonstrate the materials’ significant promise for highly efficient optoelectronic applications, such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, laser diodes, and photo-detectors.</p>

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First principles study of the lead-free two-dimensional inorganic halide perovskites Cs3Bi2(X1−uYu)9 (X/Y = I, Br, Cl; u = 0, 1/3, 2/3, 1)

  • Zainab Shahzad,
  • Numan Khan,
  • A. Abdelkader,
  • A. Haj Ismail,
  • Izaz Ul Haq,
  • Muhammad Imtiaz,
  • Slama Nigar,
  • Muhammad Ibrar,
  • Imad Khan

摘要

Recently, two-dimensional (2D) lead-free halide perovskites Cs3Bi2 × 9 have attracted great attention due to their unique quantum confinement and (easy) tunable compositions. In the present work, all-inorganic, 2D lead-free halide perovskite materials Cs3Bi2 × 9 and their mixed halides are investigated using density functional theory (DFT) for solar cell and other optoelectronic applications. The 2D lattice has a trigonal P3̅m1 symmetry, where the 2D layers corner-sharing octahedral [BiBr6]3− are separated by 1D Cs layers. The calculated structural parameters, such as bond lengths, bond angles, and lattice constants, are consistent with the experimental results. These materials have direct band gaps and the calculated values lie mostly in the visible range (2.20–3.24 eV) of electromagnetic spectrum. The values of dielectric constant and refractive index decrease with increasing band gaps from Cs3Bi2I9 to Cs3Bi2Cl9. Cs3Bi2I9 has the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20%, quantum efficiency (QE) of ~ 85%, and current density (J) of 14 mA/cm², because of its smaller band gap. The incorporation of light anions (I to Br) makes the band gap wider and lowers light absorption, current density, voltage, and overall efficiency. The mixed halide Cs3Bi2I6Br3 gives an excellent balance among all other doped compounds in these properties, but has reduced efficiency than pure iodine-based compound due to a wider band gap and lower light absorption. The computed ground state characteristics of Cs3Bi2(X1−uYu)9 (X/Y = I, Br, Cl; u = 0, 1/3, 2/3/ 1) demonstrate the materials’ significant promise for highly efficient optoelectronic applications, such as solar cells, light-emitting diodes, laser diodes, and photo-detectors.