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<p>This work presents a unified theoretical and experimental framework for analyzing the quality factor (Q) of superconducting radio-frequency cavities, combining classical dissipation with quantum and relativistic consistency considerations. Using the least-action principle, a generalized dissipative RLC model is derived to describe energy storage, decay, and surface-loss mechanisms under RF excitation. Photon and magnetic-flux quantization are introduced to establish the order-of-magnitude limits at which discrete energy exchange becomes relevant at ultra-low power and field levels. A Lorentz-covariant analysis demonstrates that the quality factor remains invariant under relativistic motion, confirming Q as a frame-independent measure of cavity efficiency rather than introducing a new operational effect. Experimental measurements of an SSR2 superconducting cavity at 325&#xa0;MHz and 2&#xa0;K validate the classical model, showing a monotonic decrease of Q with increasing accelerating field and magnetic flux due to field-dependent surface resistance. The results place classical dissipation and experimental performance at the core of the analysis while defining the quantum and relativistic limits of applicability.</p>

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Unified analysis of quantum and relativistic effects in superconducting cavities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月26日

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  • Heetae Kim,
  • Chang-Soo Park

摘要

This work presents a unified theoretical and experimental framework for analyzing the quality factor (Q) of superconducting radio-frequency cavities, combining classical dissipation with quantum and relativistic consistency considerations. Using the least-action principle, a generalized dissipative RLC model is derived to describe energy storage, decay, and surface-loss mechanisms under RF excitation. Photon and magnetic-flux quantization are introduced to establish the order-of-magnitude limits at which discrete energy exchange becomes relevant at ultra-low power and field levels. A Lorentz-covariant analysis demonstrates that the quality factor remains invariant under relativistic motion, confirming Q as a frame-independent measure of cavity efficiency rather than introducing a new operational effect. Experimental measurements of an SSR2 superconducting cavity at 325 MHz and 2 K validate the classical model, showing a monotonic decrease of Q with increasing accelerating field and magnetic flux due to field-dependent surface resistance. The results place classical dissipation and experimental performance at the core of the analysis while defining the quantum and relativistic limits of applicability.