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<p>The paper demonstrates a new generation of 4D plasmonic metasurfaces that perform real-time cloaking in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectrum by utilizing topologically-mediated light manipulation coupled with programmable nanostructure morphodynamics. The fabricated metasurfaces are created by a hybridization of electron-beam lithography and nanoimprint lithography, creating a reconfigurable material made of plasmonic elements on flexible surfaces of PDMS, in this case, combined with phase-change material Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ (GST) and shape-memory alloy NiTi. The refractive index (Δn) contrast of GST films has been 1.18, and NiTi has facilitated a reproducible actuation strain of approximately 6.3 per cent. The gold and silver plasmon layers had resonance responses at 4.26&#xa0;μm and 4.05&#xa0;μm, respectively. Topological photonic schemes instituted on quantum spin-Hall frameworks continued more than 96% transmission power allotted to mechanical bulge more than 15 per cent, exhibiting resiliency. The metasurfaces exhibited dynamic responses to thermal (65&#xa0;°C), electrical (2.5&#xa0;V), and mechanical (15% strain) stimuli, based on which the resonance shifts, as well as the cloaking efficiencies, were 230&#xa0;nm, 185&#xa0;nm, and 160&#xa0;nm, respectively. Experimental data were matched with numerical simulation tools, COMSOL and Lumerical, with a 5% error ratio. The combination of a convolutional neural network with genetic optimization reached the predictive accuracy of 97.3%, covering more than 1000 best morphologies. The system-level experiments verified more than 5000 actuation cycles, fast optical recovery (1.3&#xa0;s), and wide-angle cloaking up to 160°, creating a platform of intelligent and scalable adaptive infrared stealth.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Dynamic manipulation of Mid-IR Light with plasmonic metasurfaces through programmable nanostructures

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月11日

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  • M. Sravani,
  • K Srihari,
  • S Karthik

摘要

The paper demonstrates a new generation of 4D plasmonic metasurfaces that perform real-time cloaking in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectrum by utilizing topologically-mediated light manipulation coupled with programmable nanostructure morphodynamics. The fabricated metasurfaces are created by a hybridization of electron-beam lithography and nanoimprint lithography, creating a reconfigurable material made of plasmonic elements on flexible surfaces of PDMS, in this case, combined with phase-change material Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ (GST) and shape-memory alloy NiTi. The refractive index (Δn) contrast of GST films has been 1.18, and NiTi has facilitated a reproducible actuation strain of approximately 6.3 per cent. The gold and silver plasmon layers had resonance responses at 4.26 μm and 4.05 μm, respectively. Topological photonic schemes instituted on quantum spin-Hall frameworks continued more than 96% transmission power allotted to mechanical bulge more than 15 per cent, exhibiting resiliency. The metasurfaces exhibited dynamic responses to thermal (65 °C), electrical (2.5 V), and mechanical (15% strain) stimuli, based on which the resonance shifts, as well as the cloaking efficiencies, were 230 nm, 185 nm, and 160 nm, respectively. Experimental data were matched with numerical simulation tools, COMSOL and Lumerical, with a 5% error ratio. The combination of a convolutional neural network with genetic optimization reached the predictive accuracy of 97.3%, covering more than 1000 best morphologies. The system-level experiments verified more than 5000 actuation cycles, fast optical recovery (1.3 s), and wide-angle cloaking up to 160°, creating a platform of intelligent and scalable adaptive infrared stealth.

Graphical abstract